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L52.6469157,22.0797177 L52.6469157,17.2209385 Z M15.8775714,17.2209385 C18.1129054,17.2209385 19.2307946,18.0434943 19.2307946,19.6881614 C19.2307946,20.4602728 18.9370167,21.0518285 18.3496832,21.4629397 C17.7622386,21.8743843 16.9216828,22.0797177 15.8286825,22.0797177 L15.8286825,22.0797177 L12.6469038,22.0797177 L12.6469038,17.2209385 Z M55.412572,9.92028073 C57.3541282,9.92028073 58.3252396,10.6338365 58.3252396,12.0600591 C58.3252396,12.7988371 58.0763506,13.373504 57.5786838,13.7846152 C57.0807948,14.1960598 56.3587946,14.4013932 55.412572,14.4013932 L55.412572,14.4013932 L52.6469046,14.4013932 L52.6469046,9.92028073 Z M15.4125601,9.92028073 C17.3541163,9.92028073 18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-d6c9e5b8-7 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tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/section><\/nav><noscript><details class=\"sc-c8fbcff-0 jLNykE\"><summary class=\"sc-c8fbcff-2 glQTWZ\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"list-view-text\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M1 7.5h30V1.9H1v5.6zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1v5.6zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1v5.6z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 kPEgTc\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/home\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Home<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/topics\/c2vdnvdg6xxt\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Israel-Gaza War<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/war-in-ukraine\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">War in Ukraine<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. 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Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 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width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div 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11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/video\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Video<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Live<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/live\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\">Weather<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">Tony Harrison's V: Why a poem outraged 1980s Britain<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-06T11:00:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">50 minutes ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 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class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB\"><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Neil Armstrong<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 2.60893C11.5852 1.46518 10.661 0.541016 9.51768 0.541016C8.38977 0.541016 7.4656 1.46518 7.4656 2.60893C7.4656 2.78727 7.49602 2.95768 7.53935 3.12352L3.70727 5.37643C3.33143 4.98477 2.80477 4.73935 2.2181 4.73935C1.09018 4.73935 0.166016 5.6631 0.166016 6.80685C0.166016 7.93476 1.09018 8.85851 2.2181 8.85851C2.8006 8.85851 3.32435 8.61726 3.69977 8.23268L7.54602 10.4943C7.49893 10.6681 7.4656 10.8473 7.4656 11.036C7.4656 12.1639 8.38977 13.0881 9.51768 13.0881C10.661 13.0881 11.5852 12.1639 11.5852 11.036C11.5852 9.89268 10.661 8.96851 9.51768 8.96851\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Share<\/span><\/button><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 iQJDhl cCYQUA kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Emmanuel Lafont A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter "v" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Emmanuel Lafont<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"forty-years-ago,-northern-english-poet-harrison-published-a-powerful-work-inspired-by-vandalised-gravestones-in-his-hometown-leeds.-then,-when-it-was-screened-on-tv-in-1987,-a-national-furore-erupted.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the "cascade of expletives". "FROM BAD TO VERSE" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem "serves any artistic purpose whatsoever". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"how-it-came-about\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"how-it-came-about\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">How it came about<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of "V" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">Its power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political \u2013 Sandie Byrne<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">On 24 January, 1985, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">V was published in the London Review of Books<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thomasgray.org\/texts\/poems\/elcc\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<\/a>, which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The "V" of the title stands for "versus" \u2013 which is also a pun on "verses" \u2013 but maybe also for "victory", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered "V sign" gesture considered rude in British culture.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">One verse reads:<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">These Vs are all the versuses of life<\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White<\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, <\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes," says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and "it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware".<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"the-moment-of-impact\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"the-moment-of-impact\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a "victory" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the "FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a "work of singular nastiness". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause "gross offence" to a "reasonable person", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">later admitted<\/a> he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. "I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">The irony is that while [publisher] Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, it reached an audience of millions \u2013 Neil Astley<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Opposition to the TV programme <\/a>came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem "well written and extremely moving", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it "powerful, profound and haunting". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: "Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the "disgusting language". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested "politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem". Mr W of London said: "I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it," Astley tells the BBC. "And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Sandie Byrne says: "I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20241031-how-lady-chatterleys-lover-was-banned-and-became-a-bestseller\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250129-the-mystery-of-why-jane-austens-letters-were-destroyed-by-her-own-sister\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250109-books-to-read-in-2025\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V," Byrne tells the BBC, "was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poets\/tony-harrison\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">describes Harrison<\/a> as "Britain's leading poet-playwright", and says that V remains his "most famous poem". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"the-full-text-of-tony-harrison\u2019s-v-can-be-read-on\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on <\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"the-london-review-of-books-website\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">the London Review of Books website<\/i><\/a><i id=\".-warning:-it-contains-swear-words-and-highly-offensive-racial-slurs\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">. Warning: it contains swear words and highly offensive racial slurs<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_7\" id=\"dotcom-mid_7\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"--\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">--\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"if-you-liked-this-story,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">If you liked this story,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&&&&&\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"sign-up-for-the-essential-list-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i 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href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BBC_Culture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">X<\/i><\/b><\/a><i id=\"and\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbc_culture\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">Instagram<\/i><\/b><\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"tags\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><div class=\"sc-4b0aaa-0 dGavUm\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/poetry\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Poetry<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/british-literature\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">British literature<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jjgsd6\/texas-fever-the-lesser-known-history-of-the-us-border\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Texas fever: The unexpected origin of the federal US\/Mexico border\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Texas fever: The lesser-known history of the US border<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1911, a fence was constructed on the US-Mexico border. But its purpose was not to stop humans.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jh9gjs\/century-old-olympics-footage-brought-back-to-life\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A look through footage from the Paris 1924 Olympics gives viewers a chance to reflect on how much has changed.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Sport<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jcz9cf\/the-rare-medieval-street-about-to-reveal-its-secrets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside one of Europe's oldest streets\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The rare medieval street about to reveal its secrets<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One of Europe's oldest residential streets hides in the heart of the English countryside.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">23 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j8gcmv\/tutankhamun-the-first-ever-view-inside-the-tomb\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The first view inside Tutankhamun's tomb\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Tutankhamun: The first ever view inside the tomb<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j7x5f7\/listen-to-the-oldest-known-recording-of-a-human-voice\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Listen to the oldest known recording of a human voice\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Listen to the oldest known recording of a human voice<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Thomas Edison wasn't the first person to record sound. It was a Frenchman who invented sound recording in 1857.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">What's the most sustainable period product?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20240406-kek-lapis-the-most-beautiful-cake-for-ramadan\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">23 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Photo of kek lapis (Credit: Kitchen Confidante)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The most beautiful cake for Ramadan<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The cake is a sublime art form, involving numerous colours and flavours commingling into an oh-so-soft and delicious cake that hides a kaleidoscope of intricate geometric patterns.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">23 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/article\/20250304-the-leopard-the-1958-italian-novel-that-skewered-the-super-rich\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Still from Netflix's The Leopard, showing a close-up girl in red dress sat at a table, with a candelabra in the foreground (Credit: Lucia Iuorio\/ Netflix)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The 1958 Italian novel that skewered the mega-rich<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Lampedusa's mid-20th-Century novel The Leopard became a bestseller, then a revered film \u2013 and is now a lavish Netflix series - why does it remain relevant today?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Culture<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250304-the-countries-that-never-locked-down-for-covid-19\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Pedestrians \u2013 some wearing face masks and others without \u2013 cross a road in Taiwan (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Covid-19: The countries that didn't lock down<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Most of the world went into lockdowns in March 2020 response to the Covid-19 pandemic, but what has been the impact in those that didn't impose strict restrictions?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/cx2g0ggdd33o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Jessica Lowther crouching next to a stone Roman sarcophagas, which does not have a lid, and has some wear\/damage on the top of one side.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Roman cemetery found at roadworks site is 'unique'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The grave goods of a child, a solid stone coffin and other burials reveal a "unique" cemetery.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">England<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div class=\"zephr_story_beta\"><\/div><\/main><hr data-testid=\"main-footer-divider\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI\"\/><footer data-testid=\"main-footer\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-0 bbntGk\"><div class=\"sc-c05885a3-3 jqsEov\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 112 32\" category=\"logo\" icon=\"bbc\" style=\"height:30px\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 itfIsL\"><title>British Broadcasting Corporation<\/title><path d=\"M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z M72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,32 L40.0000119,32 L40.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 Z M32,-3.55271368e-15 L32,32 L-1.13686838e-13,32 L-1.13686838e-13,-3.55271368e-15 L32,-3.55271368e-15 Z M97.469329,6.80826869 C96.0294397,6.80826869 94.7294393,7.02226876 93.5693278,7.44982444 C92.4089942,7.87782457 91.4137717,8.49471364 90.5841047,9.30049166 C89.7538823,10.1067141 89.1188821,11.07327 88.6785486,12.199937 C88.2378818,13.3269373 88.0177706,14.5896043 88.0177706,15.9876048 C88.0177706,17.4188274 88.2296596,18.7062722 88.6531042,19.8493837 C89.0763265,20.9929396 89.6861045,21.9591621 90.482438,22.748829 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"culture\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\/article\/20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison's V: Why a poem outraged 1980s Britain\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741258800000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"culture\/author\/neil-armstrong\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Neil Armstrong\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Neil Armstrong\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741258800000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter \\\"v\\\" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter \\\"v\\\" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83m4.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Emmanuel Lafont\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the \\\"cascade of expletives\\\". \\\"FROM BAD TO VERSE\\\" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem \\\"serves any artistic purpose whatsoever\\\". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the \\\"cascade of expletives\\\". \\\"FROM BAD TO VERSE\\\" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem \\\"serves any artistic purpose whatsoever\\\". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83nr.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How it came about\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How it came about\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of \\\"V\\\" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of \\\"V\\\" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political \u2013 Sandie Byrne\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"On 24 January, 1985, V was published in the London Review of Books.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"On 24 January, 1985, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V was published in the London Review of Books\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V was published in the London Review of Books\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.thomasgray.org\/texts\/poems\/elcc\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"V\\\" of the title stands for \\\"versus\\\" \u2013 which is also a pun on \\\"verses\\\" \u2013 but maybe also for \\\"victory\\\", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered \\\"V sign\\\" gesture considered rude in British culture.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"V\\\" of the title stands for \\\"versus\\\" \u2013 which is also a pun on \\\"verses\\\" \u2013 but maybe also for \\\"victory\\\", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered \\\"V sign\\\" gesture considered rude in British culture.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One verse reads:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One verse reads:\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These Vs are all the versuses of life\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These Vs are all the versuses of life\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes,\\\" says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes,\\\" says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1280,\"width\":1024,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83pn.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and \\\"it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and \\\"it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a \\\"victory\\\" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a \\\"victory\\\" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the \\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a \\\"work of singular nastiness\\\". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause \\\"gross offence\\\" to a \\\"reasonable person\\\", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth later admitted he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. \\\"I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the \\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a \\\"work of singular nastiness\\\". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause \\\"gross offence\\\" to a \\\"reasonable person\\\", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"later admitted\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"later admitted\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. \\\"I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The irony is that while [publisher] Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, it reached an audience of millions \u2013 Neil Astley\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem \\\"well written and extremely moving\\\", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it \\\"powerful, profound and haunting\\\". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: \\\"Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem \\\"well written and extremely moving\\\", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it \\\"powerful, profound and haunting\\\". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: \\\"Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the \\\"disgusting language\\\". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested \\\"politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem\\\". Mr W of London said: \\\"I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks\\\". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the \\\"disgusting language\\\". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested \\\"politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem\\\". Mr W of London said: \\\"I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks\\\". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83qh.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it,\\\" Astley tells the BBC. \\\"And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it,\\\" Astley tells the BBC. \\\"And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sandie Byrne says: \\\"I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sandie Byrne says: \\\"I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20241031-how-lady-chatterleys-lover-was-banned-and-became-a-bestseller\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250129-the-mystery-of-why-jane-austens-letters-were-destroyed-by-her-own-sister\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250109-books-to-read-in-2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V,\\\" Byrne tells the BBC, \\\"was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V,\\\" Byrne tells the BBC, \\\"was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, describes Harrison as \\\"Britain's leading poet-playwright\\\", and says that V remains his \\\"most famous poem\\\". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"describes Harrison\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poets\/tony-harrison\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"describes Harrison\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" as \\\"Britain's leading poet-playwright\\\", and says that V remains his \\\"most famous poem\\\". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on the London Review of Books website. Warning: it contains swear words and highly offensive racial slurs\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on \",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the London Review of Books website\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the London Review of Books website\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Warning: it contains swear words and highly offensive racial slurs\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_7\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If you liked this story,\u00a0sign up for The Essential List newsletter\u00a0\u2013 a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If you liked this story,\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sign up for The Essential List newsletter\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?\\u0026at_bbc_team=studios\\u0026at_medium=Onsite\\u0026at_objective=acquisition\\u0026at_ptr_name=bbc.com\\u0026at_link_origin=featuresarticle\\u0026at_campaign=essentiallist\\u0026at_campaign_type=owned\\u0026\\u0026\\u0026\\u0026\\u0026\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sign up for The Essential List newsletter\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\",\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\u2013 a handpicked selection of features, videos and can't-miss news, delivered to your inbox twice a week.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on\u00a0Facebook,\u00a0X\u00a0and\u00a0Instagram.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Facebook\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BBCCulture\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Facebook\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\",\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"X\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BBC_Culture\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"X\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\",\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0and\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Instagram\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbc_culture\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Instagram\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\",\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}],\"topics\":[{\"isEvent\":true,\"title\":\"Poetry\",\"url\":\"\/culture\/tags\/poetry\"},{\"isEvent\":false,\"title\":\"History\",\"url\":\"\/culture\/tags\/history\"},{\"isEvent\":false,\"title\":\"British 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class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\/northern_ireland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" value=\"\"\/><button type=\"button\" data-testid=\"search-input-search-button\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-3 hsIsEs hCTSNW\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 beCbGD\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"search\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5 2.9-2.9zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1c0 5.2-3.9 9.1-9 9.1s-9-3.9-9-9.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-7 xKITv\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div 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class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB\"><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Neil Armstrong<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 2.60893C11.5852 1.46518 10.661 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class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Emmanuel Lafont A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter "v" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Emmanuel Lafont<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"forty-years-ago,-northern-english-poet-harrison-published-a-powerful-work-inspired-by-vandalised-gravestones-in-his-hometown-leeds.-then,-when-it-was-screened-on-tv-in-1987,-a-national-furore-erupted.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the "cascade of expletives". "FROM BAD TO VERSE" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem "serves any artistic purpose whatsoever". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83nr.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"how-it-came-about\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"how-it-came-about\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">How it came about<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of "V" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">Its power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political \u2013 Sandie Byrne<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">On 24 January, 1985, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">V was published in the London Review of Books<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thomasgray.org\/texts\/poems\/elcc\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard<\/a>, which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The "V" of the title stands for "versus" \u2013 which is also a pun on "verses" \u2013 but maybe also for "victory", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered "V sign" gesture considered rude in British culture.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">One verse reads:<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">These Vs are all the versuses of life<\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White<\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, <\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes," says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83pn.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and "it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware".<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"the-moment-of-impact\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"the-moment-of-impact\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a "victory" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the "FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a "work of singular nastiness". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause "gross offence" to a "reasonable person", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">later admitted<\/a> he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. "I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">The irony is that while [publisher] Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, it reached an audience of millions \u2013 Neil Astley<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Opposition to the TV programme <\/a>came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem "well written and extremely moving", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it "powerful, profound and haunting". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: "Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the "disgusting language". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested "politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem". Mr W of London said: "I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw83qh.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it," Astley tells the BBC. "And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Sandie Byrne says: "I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20241031-how-lady-chatterleys-lover-was-banned-and-became-a-bestseller\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250129-the-mystery-of-why-jane-austens-letters-were-destroyed-by-her-own-sister\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250109-books-to-read-in-2025\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V," Byrne tells the BBC, "was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poets\/tony-harrison\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">describes Harrison<\/a> as "Britain's leading poet-playwright", and says that V remains his "most famous poem". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"the-full-text-of-tony-harrison\u2019s-v-can-be-read-on\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on <\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"the-london-review-of-books-website\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">the London Review of Books website<\/i><\/a><i id=\".-warning:-it-contains-swear-words-and-highly-offensive-racial-slurs\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">. Warning: it contains swear words and highly offensive racial slurs<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_7\" id=\"dotcom-mid_7\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"--\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">--\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"if-you-liked-this-story,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">If you liked this story,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned&&&&&\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"sign-up-for-the-essential-list-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i 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href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BBC_Culture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">X<\/i><\/b><\/a><i id=\"and\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbc_culture\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">Instagram<\/i><\/b><\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"tags\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><div class=\"sc-4b0aaa-0 dGavUm\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/poetry\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Poetry<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/british-literature\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">British literature<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jjgsd6\/texas-fever-the-lesser-known-history-of-the-us-border\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Texas fever: The unexpected origin of the federal US\/Mexico border\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Texas fever: The lesser-known history of the US border<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1911, a fence was constructed on the US-Mexico border. But its purpose was not to stop humans.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jh9gjs\/century-old-olympics-footage-brought-back-to-life\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A look through footage from the Paris 1924 Olympics gives viewers a chance to reflect on how much has changed.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Sport<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jcz9cf\/the-rare-medieval-street-about-to-reveal-its-secrets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside one of Europe's oldest streets\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The rare medieval street about to reveal its secrets<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One of Europe's oldest residential streets hides in the heart of the English countryside.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">23 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j8gcmv\/tutankhamun-the-first-ever-view-inside-the-tomb\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The first view inside Tutankhamun's tomb\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Tutankhamun: The first ever view inside the tomb<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j7x5f7\/listen-to-the-oldest-known-recording-of-a-human-voice\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0j80ln6.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Listen to the oldest known recording of a human voice\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Listen to the oldest known recording of a human voice<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Thomas Edison wasn't the first person to record sound. It was a Frenchman who invented sound recording in 1857.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">What's the most sustainable period product?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20240406-kek-lapis-the-most-beautiful-cake-for-ramadan\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">23 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Photo of kek lapis (Credit: Kitchen Confidante)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The most beautiful cake for Ramadan<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The cake is a sublime art form, involving numerous colours and flavours commingling into an oh-so-soft and delicious cake that hides a kaleidoscope of intricate geometric patterns.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">23 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/article\/20250304-the-leopard-the-1958-italian-novel-that-skewered-the-super-rich\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw225f.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Still from Netflix's The Leopard, showing a close-up girl in red dress sat at a table, with a candelabra in the foreground (Credit: Lucia Iuorio\/ Netflix)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The 1958 Italian novel that skewered the mega-rich<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Lampedusa's mid-20th-Century novel The Leopard became a bestseller, then a revered film \u2013 and is now a lavish Netflix series - why does it remain relevant today?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Culture<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250304-the-countries-that-never-locked-down-for-covid-19\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw2b4z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Pedestrians \u2013 some wearing face masks and others without \u2013 cross a road in Taiwan (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Covid-19: The countries that didn't lock down<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Most of the world went into lockdowns in March 2020 response to the Covid-19 pandemic, but what has been the impact in those that didn't impose strict restrictions?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/cx2g0ggdd33o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/257e\/live\/a4f08420-ef76-11ef-8654-d5f14cdeffe8.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Jessica Lowther crouching next to a stone Roman sarcophagas, which does not have a lid, and has some wear\/damage on the top of one side.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Roman cemetery found at roadworks site is 'unique'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The grave goods of a child, a solid stone coffin and other burials reveal a "unique" cemetery.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">England<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div class=\"zephr_story_beta\"><\/div><\/main><hr data-testid=\"main-footer-divider\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI\"\/><footer data-testid=\"main-footer\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-0 bbntGk\"><div class=\"sc-c05885a3-3 jqsEov\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"culture\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\/article\/20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison's V: Why a poem outraged 1980s Britain\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741258800000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"culture\/author\/neil-armstrong\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Neil Armstrong\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Neil Armstrong\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741258800000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter \\\"v\\\" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter \\\"v\\\" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83m4.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Emmanuel Lafont\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds. Then, when it was screened on TV in 1987, a national furore erupted.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the \\\"cascade of expletives\\\". \\\"FROM BAD TO VERSE\\\" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem \\\"serves any artistic purpose whatsoever\\\". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" thundered the front page of one British newspaper, condemning the \\\"cascade of expletives\\\". \\\"FROM BAD TO VERSE\\\" was the headline of another article, that quoted a Conservative Member of Parliament questioning whether the said poem \\\"serves any artistic purpose whatsoever\\\". And a group of particularly exercised MPs called for a debate in the House of Commons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The furore was about a poem called V by Northern English poet Tony Harrison \u2013 a work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds \u2013 which was originally published in January 1985, but really became a cause c\u00e9l\u00e8bre when it was screened on national television in the UK two years later, in November 1987.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tony Harrison has long been one of Britain's most respected contemporary poets (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83nr.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is not often a poem becomes a hot topic of conversation among the general public. The last time it happened was four years ago when Amanda Gorman read her poem The Hill We Climb at Joe Biden's presidential inauguration, although the poet's youth and outfit excited as much comment as her verse. Before that, it was WH Auden's Funeral Blues, after it featured in the hit 1994 romcom Four Weddings and a Funeral.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But if it is unusual for a poem to escape the confines of the world of literature, it's virtually unheard of for one to provoke angry newspaper headlines, and prompt politicians to demand action and members of the public to furiously call TV channels.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How it came about\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How it came about\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of \\\"V\\\" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V had its origins in a visit by Harrison to Holbeck Cemetery in Beeston, Leeds, in May 1984. The cemetery stands on a hill \u2013 beneath which there are worked-out mine seams \u2013 and overlooks both Elland Road, home of Leeds United Football Club, and the University of Leeds, where Harrison, a poet and playwright, had studied Classics and Linguistics. Harrison, there to tend his parents' graves, found the cemetery strewn with beer cans and gravestones defaced by spray-painted graffiti \u2013 four-letter words, racist abuse, swastikas and a series of \\\"V\\\" letters. The nature of some of the graffiti suggested football fans were responsible.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"At this time, unemployment was soaring, and went on to reach 11.9% later that year, a level not seen in the UK since 1971 \u2013 and not seen since. The previous year, an award-winning BBC drama, The Boys from the Blackstuff, about unemployed tarmac-layers in Liverpool, had captured the zeitgeist and made a huge impact. The Miners' Strike had started some weeks earlier. In fact, the country was deeply divided under a polarising Conservative government led by Margaret Thatcher. In the vandalism and the spray-painted daubings, Harrison saw further evidence of societal division, and it gave him the idea for his poem.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Its power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political \u2013 Sandie Byrne\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Harrison was, at this point, an established and well-respected poet, playwright and translator. He had published several volumes of verse and been the resident dramatist at the National Theatre, while his 1973 translation of Moli\u00e8re's The Misanthrope had won great acclaim.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"On 24 January, 1985, V was published in the London Review of Books.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"On 24 January, 1985, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V was published in the London Review of Books\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V was published in the London Review of Books\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It consists of 112 four-line stanzas, or quatrains, with an ABAB rhyming scheme, the same form as Thomas Gray's celebrated 18th-Century poem \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.thomasgray.org\/texts\/poems\/elcc\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which Harrison sought to evoke in contrast with his own work.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"V\\\" of the title stands for \\\"versus\\\" \u2013 which is also a pun on \\\"verses\\\" \u2013 but maybe also for \\\"victory\\\", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered \\\"V sign\\\" gesture considered rude in British culture.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \\\"V\\\" of the title stands for \\\"versus\\\" \u2013 which is also a pun on \\\"verses\\\" \u2013 but maybe also for \\\"victory\\\", and perhaps it is further intended to refer to the two-fingered \\\"V sign\\\" gesture considered rude in British culture.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One verse reads:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One verse reads:\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These Vs are all the versuses of life\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"These Vs are all the versuses of life\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"from LEEDS v. DERBY, Black\/White\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, \",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"and (as I've known to my cost) man v. wife, \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Communist v. Fascist, Left v. Right.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem imagines the poet engaging in a dialogue with the person who has defaced the graves, and it features the obscenities and racist epithets used in the graffiti.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes,\\\" says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We didn't need Harrison to tell us then that Britain was divided, and we don't now, but\u00a0V was a powerful articulation of those divisions and some of their causes,\\\" says Sandie Byrne, Professor of English at the University of Oxford.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The football supporter who, taking a shortcut through the cemetery, takes out his rage on the gravestones, is treated sympathetically, albeit with aggressive language to match his own. The Harrison figure understands the frustration of the third-generation unemployed among headstones celebrating lifelong professions.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The cover of the original 1985 edition of V features a cover photograph of Beeston cemetery \u2013 the inspiration for the poem (Credit: Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1280,\"width\":1024,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83pn.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Bloodaxe Books\/ Graham Sykes\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The poem's power and endurance come from its energy, the impetus of the verse and the language, its anger, and its use of the personal in the service of the political.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and \\\"it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"V did not appear to cause any outrage when first printed in the London Review of Books. It was subsequently published in book form by Bloodaxe Books in November 1985 and, again, troubled neither the UK's legislature nor its newspapers.\u00a0Neil\u00a0Astley, founder of Bloodaxe Books, and still the publisher's editor and managing director, recalls that, soon after the publication of the poem as a book, \u00a0Harrison performed the entire thing in a late-night arts slot on Tyne Tees Television, which catered specifically to audiences in North East England, and \\\"it went out without arousing any opposition as far as I'm aware\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The moment of impact\u00a0\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a \\\"victory\\\" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But then in 1987, it became known that a televised version of the poem had been made for national broadcaster Channel 4, directed by celebrated theatre director Richard Eyre and featuring Harrison reading the poem along with footage of, among other things, striking miners, Holbeck Cemetery and Thatcher doing a \\\"victory\\\" sign. At that point, all hell broke loose.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the \\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a \\\"work of singular nastiness\\\". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause \\\"gross offence\\\" to a \\\"reasonable person\\\", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth later admitted he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. \\\"I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In October, a few weeks before its broadcast, the Daily Mail reported on the \\\"FOUR LETTER TV POEM FURY\\\" on its front page. The activist and anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse called the poem a \\\"work of singular nastiness\\\". Conservative MP Sir Gerald Howarth, who earlier that year had attempted to introduce legislation that would make it a crime to air material that might cause \\\"gross offence\\\" to a \\\"reasonable person\\\", was another who opposed its broadcast. He officially called for a debate in the House of Commons to try to stop it. One hundred and twenty one MPs signed the proposal. Howarth \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"later admitted\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"later admitted\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" he had not read the poem in full. Harrison recalled in the 2013 BBC Radio 4 documentary, Exploring V, that at the height of the furore, a reporter from the Telegraph knocked on his door. \\\"I said, 'Have you read the poem?'\u2019 He said,'No. I'm New'.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The irony is that while [publisher] Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, it reached an audience of millions \u2013 Neil Astley\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem \\\"well written and extremely moving\\\", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it \\\"powerful, profound and haunting\\\". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: \\\"Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/magazine-21024372\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Opposition to the TV programme \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"came principally from right wing commentators but the Sunday Telegraph columnist and editor of the Literary Review, Auberon Waugh, whom no-one had ever mistaken for a left winger, found the poem \\\"well written and extremely moving\\\", as he wrote in his Telegraph column at the time. Ian Hislop, the editor of UK satirical magazine Private Eye, wrote an article defending it in The Listener, as did Bernard Levin in the Times, calling it \\\"powerful, profound and haunting\\\". And the Independent printed the whole poem in its news pages, with an introduction by Blake Morrison in which he wrote: \\\"Those MPs are right to believe that the poem is shocking but not because of its language. It shocks because it describes unflinchingly what is meant by a divided society, because it takes the abstractions we have learned to live with \u2013 unemployment, racial tension, inequality, deprivation \u2013\u00a0and gives them a kind of physical existence on the page.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the \\\"disgusting language\\\". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested \\\"politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem\\\". Mr W of London said: \\\"I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks\\\". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was broadcast at 11pm on Channel 4 on Wednesday 4 November 1987. According to the logs of the Channel 4 staff on the switchboard \u2013 which were reproduced in the appendix of Bloodaxe's second edition of the poem, along with many of the newspaper and magazine articles about the furore \u2013 there were several calls from viewers irate at the \\\"disgusting language\\\". But others approved. Mr K of Watford suggested \\\"politicians should address their energies into the social problems featured in the poem\\\". Mr W of London said: \\\"I am so moved the tears are running down my cheeks\\\". The majority of calls were in favour of the broadcast.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anti-obscenity campaigner Mary Whitehouse was among the poem's most high-profile critics (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw83qh.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it,\\\" Astley tells the BBC. \\\"And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The irony is, of course, that while Bloodaxe had sold a couple of thousand copies of the poem before 1987, as a result of the attacks on the Channel 4 film, V reached an audience of millions who might otherwise never have heard of it,\\\" Astley tells the BBC. \\\"And if you read the poem today, it feels every bit as vital and relevant as it was 40 years ago.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sandie Byrne says: \\\"I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Sandie Byrne says: \\\"I remember friends reading about the poem in the press, and assuming that it was just a meretricious piece studded with swear words by a shock jock seeking attention. Others picked up that it mentioned [miners' leader] Arthur Scargill, and showed scenes of the miners' strike, and assumed that those were its only subjects. Even among those who actually read it, the poem seemed to revive ideas about appropriateness in poetic diction that one would have thought long dead.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20241031-how-lady-chatterleys-lover-was-banned-and-became-a-bestseller\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The 'obscene' book that became a bestseller\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250129-the-mystery-of-why-jane-austens-letters-were-destroyed-by-her-own-sister\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why did Jane Austen's sister burn her letters?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/culture\/article\/20250109-books-to-read-in-2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"40 of the most exciting books to read in 2025\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V,\\\" Byrne tells the BBC, \\\"was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"What was unexpected and possibly shocking about\u00a0V,\\\" Byrne tells the BBC, \\\"was less the dialogue that represented a young football supporter swearing \u2013 what a surprise \u2013 and more the use of iambic pentameter quatrains, at a time when closely patterned, regular verse was regarded as outmoded, an unfitting vehicle for modern concerns. The transplantation of Gray's elegy from a small country churchyard to a large urban cemetery, the use of ellipses, slang, ordinary speech and Northern pronunciation perhaps suggested that poetry wasn't a sleepy dusty backwater, or necessarily couched in prissy, posh Southern or elaborate language.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The poem was once again broadcast in its entirety on Radio 4 in 2013. Although the press anticipated controversy, there was actually little fuss. Perhaps listeners had become more used to four-letter words being used in all sorts of media. The racist epithets would have if anything, been considered even more offensive in 2013 than when the Channel 4 film was broadcast. The half-hour Radio 4 documentary that was aired before the reading of the poem that contextualised the swear words and slurs must have helped listeners understand their use in the work.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, describes Harrison as \\\"Britain's leading poet-playwright\\\", and says that V remains his \\\"most famous poem\\\". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both poet and poem are now an accepted part of the literary canon. The website of the Poetry Foundation, a well-respected US organisation set up to promote poetry, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"describes Harrison\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.poetryfoundation.org\/poets\/tony-harrison\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"describes Harrison\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" as \\\"Britain's leading poet-playwright\\\", and says that V remains his \\\"most famous poem\\\". But while V's power to shock may have been somewhat diminished, it has lost none of its ability to engage and move the reader.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on the London Review of Books website. Warning: it contains swear words and highly offensive racial slurs\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The full text of Tony Harrison\u2019s V can be read on \",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the London Review of Books website\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lrb.co.uk\/the-paper\/v07\/n01\/tony-harrison\/v\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the London Review of Books website\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". 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