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class=\"css-72qxfg e1j3jvdr1\"><\/div><\/section><\/header><\/div><p class=\"css-1krtrpn e6idgb70\"><\/p><div class=\"css-1sojcmr ehdk2mb0\"><h1 id=\"link-6665cce6\" class=\"css-v3oks e1h9rw200\" data-testid=\"headline\">For Patients Needing Transplants, Hope Arrives on Tiny Hooves<\/h1><\/div><p class=\"css-178vgup e1wiw3jv0\">Some scientists are confident that organs from genetically modified pigs will one day be routinely transplanted into humans. But substantial ethical questions remain.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/header><div class=\"css-yi0xdk e89cr9k0\"><p class=\"css-11vzj2f\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><span class=\"css-1f1w20n health\">Genetically modified, newborn Yucat\u00e1n piglets in their enclosure at the E-Genesis lab in Wisconsin, where they are raised for research in human organ transplants.<\/span><span class=\"css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit...<\/span><span><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><\/div><div id=\"sponsor-wrapper\" class=\"css-1hyfx7x\"><div id=\"sponsor-slug\" class=\"css-twqvxd\"><p>Supported by<\/p><\/div><a href=\"#after-sponsor\" class=\"css-777zgl\">SKIP ADVERTISEMENT<\/a><div class=\"ad sponsor-wrapper css-rfqw0c\" id=\"sponsor\"><\/div><div id=\"after-sponsor\"><\/div><\/div><div class=\"css-141yyh8 e89cr9k1\"><div role=\"toolbar\" data-testid=\"share-tools\" aria-label=\"Social Media Share buttons, Save button, and Comments Panel with current comment count\" 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3.843V1.268z\"><\/path><path class=\"saved-stroke\" d=\"m12 18-5.9-4.756L0 17.98V1.014C0 .745.095.487.265.297.435.107.664 0 .904 0h10.192c.24 0 .47.107.64.297.169.19.264.448.264.717V18ZM1.157 1.268v14.288l4.96-3.813 4.753 3.843V1.268H1.158Z\"><\/path><\/g><\/svg><\/button><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><div class=\"css-p6m5rf\"><div class=\"byline-container css-1u5onbp epjyd6m2\"><div class=\"css-165eim7 ey68jwv0\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/by\/roni-caryn-rabin\" class=\"css-uwwqev\"><img alt=\"Roni Caryn Rabin\" title=\"Roni Caryn Rabin\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2018\/02\/20\/multimedia\/author-roni-caryn-rabin\/author-roni-caryn-rabin-thumbLarge-v3.png\" class=\"css-dc6zx6 ey68jwv2\"\/><\/a><\/div><div class=\"css-233int epjyd6m1\"><p class=\"css-4anu6l e1jsehar1\"><span class=\"byline-prefix\">By <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/by\/roni-caryn-rabin\" class=\"last-byline css-ojhyzr e1jsehar0\" itemProp=\"name\">Roni Caryn Rabin<\/a><\/p><div class=\"css-gqryk5 epjyd6m0\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><ul class=\"css-1cgskve epjyd6m4\"><li class=\"css-ccw2r3 epjyd6m3\"><time class=\"css-1uc6ajg e16638kd0\" dateTime=\"2025-03-10T05:00:28-04:00\">March 10, 2025<\/time><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div><section name=\"articleBody\" class=\"meteredContent css-1r7ky0e\"><div class=\"css-s99gbd StoryBodyCompanionColumn\" data-testid=\"companionColumn-0\"><div class=\"css-53u6y8\"><p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">On a 300-acre farm in an undisclosed location in rural Wisconsin, surrounded by fields dotted with big red barns and bordered by wild blue chicory and goldenrod, live some of the most pampered pigs in the world.<\/p><p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">They are delivered by C-section to protect them from viruses that sows can carry, and bottle-fed instead of nursed for the same reason. They are kept under warming lights and monitored around the clock for the first days of their lives, given toys and marshmallows as treats. <\/p><p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">But they don\u2019t get to go outside and play in the dirt like other pigs. They are clones and constitutionally weak, genetically engineered to have kidneys, hearts and livers more compatible with the human body.<\/p><p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">These miniature pigs are part of a bold scientific experiment that takes advantage of breakthroughs in cloning and gene editing to realize the centuries-old dream of xenotransplantation \u2014 the transfer of animal kidneys, hearts, livers and other organs into humans who need them.<\/p><p class=\"css-at9mc1 evys1bk0\">Success could bring riches to the two biotech companies that are leaders in this space, the Cambridge, Mass.-based eGenesis and the Blacksburg, Va.-based Revivicor, owned by United Therapeutics Corporation. The demand for organs is huge.<\/p><\/div><aside class=\"css-ew4tgv\" aria-label=\"companion column\"><\/aside><\/div><div data-testid=\"ImageBlock-1\"><div data-testid=\"imageblock-wrapper\"><figure class=\"img-sz-large css-bkbwf1 e1g7ppur0\" aria-label=\"media\" role=\"group\"><div class=\"css-1xdhyk6 erfvjey0\" data-testid=\"photoviewer-children-figure\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Image<\/span><picture><source media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 3),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 3dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 288dpi)\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1800\"\/><source media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 2),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 2dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 192dpi)\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=1200\"\/><source media=\"(max-width: 599px) and (min-device-pixel-ratio: 1),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 1dppx),(max-width: 599px) and (min-resolution: 96dpi)\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale&amp;width=600\"\/><img alt=\"Two adult pigs in a bright-windowed pen. One takes a drink from a tube at right.\" class=\"css-r3fift\" src=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp&amp;disable=upscale\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-articleLarge.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 600w,https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-jumbo.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 1024w,https:\/\/static01.nyt.com\/images\/2025\/03\/07\/multimedia\/00transplants-pigs-12\/00pig-kidneys-01-wphv-superJumbo.jpg?quality=75&amp;auto=webp 2048w\" sizes=\"((min-width: 600px) and (max-width: 1004px)) 84vw, (min-width: 1005px) 80vw, 100vw\" uri=\"nyt:\/\/image\/a3c4613e-6c03-5a83-955f-606fc0e293e8\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"429\"\/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption data-testid=\"photoviewer-children-caption\" class=\"css-1g9ic6e ewdxa0s0\"><span class=\"css-jevhma e13ogyst0\">Pregnant pigs at eGenesis. \u201cThey are the most spoiled pigs around,\u201d said one of their caretakers.<\/span><span class=\"css-14fe1uy e1z0qqy90\"><span class=\"css-1ly73wi e1tej78p0\">Credit...<\/span><span><span aria-hidden=\"false\">Kevin Serna for The New York Times<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"Optimistic-2\"><div class=\"css-1336jj\"><div class=\"css-121kum4\"><div class=\"css-171quhb\"><\/div><div class=\"css-asuuk5\"><noscript><div class=\"css-7axq9l\" data-testid=\"optimistic-truncator-noscript\"><svg width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"css-1b5b8u1\"><path fill=\"currentColor\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M2.5 12a9.5 9.5 0 1 1 19 0 9.5 9.5 0 0 1-19 0Zm8.5 1.75v-7.5h2v7.5h-2Zm0 2v2h2v-2h-2Z\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\"><\/path><\/svg><div data-testid=\"optimistic-truncator-noscript-message\" class=\"css-6yo1no\"><p class=\"css-3kpklk\">We are having trouble retrieving the article content.<\/p><p class=\"css-3kpklk\">Please enable JavaScript in your browser settings.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/noscript><div class=\"css-1dv1kvn\" id=\"optimistic-truncator-a11y\" tabindex=\"-1\"><hr\/><p>Thank you for your patience while we verify access. 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Only 25,000 human donor kidneys become available each year. \"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[{\"__typename\":\"LinkFormat\",\"title\":\"\",\"uri\":null,\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fsrtr.transplant.hrsa.gov\\u002FADR\\u002F2022\\u002FInfographics\\u002F2022_ADR_Infographic_KI.jpg\"}],\"text\":\"Twelve Americans\"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\" on the kidney list die every day on average.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":7},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Scientists first transplanted genetically engineered pig organs into other animals and then to brain-dead human patients. In 2022, researchers received permission to transplant the organs into a few critically ill patients, and then, last year, into healthier people.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":8},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Now, for the first time, a formal clinical study of the procedure is being initiated.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cJust imagine, you have kidney disease and know your kidneys are going to fail, and you have a pig\u2019s kidney waiting for you \u2014 and you never see dialysis,\u201d said Mike Curtis, president and chief executive at eGenesis.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":9},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"He foresees a future in which genetic engineering will make pig organs so compatible with humans that patients won\u2019t have to take powerful drugs that prevent rejection but make them vulnerable to infections and cancer.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":10},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Babies born with serious heart defects might be given a pig\u2019s heart temporarily while waiting for a human donor heart. A pig\u2019s liver could potentially serve as a bridge for those in need of a human liver.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":11},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Some scientists argue that there is a moral imperative to move forward.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cIs it ethical to let thousands of people die each year on a waiting list when we have something that could possibly save their lives?\u201d asked Dr. David K.C. Cooper, who studies xenotransplantation at Harvard and is a consultant to eGenesis.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":12},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cI think it\u2019s beginning to be ethically unacceptable to let people die when there\u2019s an alternative therapy that looks pretty encouraging.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":13},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"But critics say xenotransplantation is a hubristic, pie-in-the-sky endeavor aiming to solve an organ shortage with technology when there\u2019s a simpler solution: expanding the supply of human organs by encouraging more donation.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":14},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"And xenotransplantation is freighted with unanswered questions.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Pigs can carry pathogens that can find their way to humans. If a deadly virus, for example, were to emerge in transplant patients, it could spread with catastrophic consequences.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":15},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"It might be years or even decades before symptoms were observed, warned Christopher Bobier, a bioethicist from the Central Michigan University College of Medicine.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":16},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cA potential zoonotic transference could happen at any point after a transplant \u2014 in perpetuity,\u201d he said. 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A closely related virus already infects humans.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":19},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"No one knows how much an organ from a genetically engineered pig might cost, and whether insurance plans would cover it.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":20},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"But many patients with organ failure, tethered to a dialysis machine four hours every other day, see in these small pigs hope for a return to normal life. \u201cMy hope for a xenotransplant is stronger than my fear of the risks,\u201d one dialysis patient said in a national survey.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":21},{\"__typename\":\"Heading2Block\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Edited DNA\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Scientists chose to use organs from genetically modified pigs, rather than chimps or baboons, for a simple reason: Pigs are easier to raise and mature in six months, and the size of their organs is compatible with adult humans.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":22},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"At eGenesis, pig cells are collected by clipping notches from the pig\u2019s ear. Scientists edit the DNA in these cells as one might edit a manuscript: adding some genes, deleting others and altering still more.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":23},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The pigs at eGenesis have received dozens of gene edits. Revivicor produces pigs with 10 gene edits, and others with a single gene edit.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":24},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The companies clone embryos from the modified cells, implanting them in sows, where they gestate for about four months before birth.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":25},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Scientists at eGenesis first transplanted the pig kidneys into \"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[{\"__typename\":\"LinkFormat\",\"title\":\"\",\"uri\":null,\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\\u002F37821590\\u002F\"}],\"text\":\"macaque monkeys\"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\". The organs came from pigs that had undergone 69 genetic edits, a number that skeptics had thought was not possible.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":26},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cThey said, \u2018You can\u2019t do that many edits, you\u2019ll turn the genome into Swiss cheese,\u2019\u201d Dr. Curtis said. \u201cWe showed you could.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":27},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The scientists soon proved that monkeys with kidneys from gene-edited pigs lived longer than those receiving kidneys from untouched pigs. 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births celebrated on a board at eGenesis.\",\"timesTags\":[],\"uri\":\"nyt:\\u002F\\u002Fimage\\u002F101a62c4-0166-5fcb-88f1-c1cf00d18243\",\"url\":\"\\u002Fimagepages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F10\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-09.html\"},\"size\":\"LARGE\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":true,\"index\":30},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"It was \u201cproof of principle\u201d that the organ was \u201csafe and supports life,\u201d said Wenning Qin, senior vice president for innovation at eGenesis.  \"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":31},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"But would it work in humans? \"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In 2021, scientists tried to find out, taking a radical approach that seemed plucked from a sci-fi novel. With the consent of the families, the researchers transplanted pig kidneys into patients who were brain-dead and maintained on ventilators, then tracked how their bodies responded.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":32},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The novel idea has been attributed to Dr. Thomas Starzl, widely known as the father of modern transplantation, who died in 2017. Two pioneering surgeons tried it, though neither knew what the other was up to.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":33},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"One was Dr. Robert Montgomery, a charismatic surgeon at NYU Langone in New York City who is himself alive thanks to a heart transplant. 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She used a kidney from a pig with six added human genes and four of its own silenced to prevent rejection.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":36},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Soon after the pig kidneys were attached to the brain-dead patients, the organs started functioning as a human\u2019s would \u2014 making urine and clearing a waste product called creatinine from the blood.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":37},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Dr. Montgomery maintained one brain-dead patient with a pig\u2019s kidney on a ventilator for two months. The so-called decedent studies yielded a trove of data. Blood samples and biopsies could be taken as often as needed, without disturbing a live patient.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":true,\"index\":38},{\"__typename\":\"ImageBlock\",\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"Image\",\"altText\":\"A close-up view of a pair of hands working with a small dish under a microscope.\",\"caption\":{\"__typename\":\"TextOnlyDocumentBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Pig eggs prepared for an injection of genetic modifications at Revivicor Laboratories in Blacksburg, Va.\"}]}],\"text\":\"Pig eggs prepared for an injection of genetic modifications at Revivicor Laboratories in Blacksburg, Va.\"},\"credit\":\"Andrew Caballero-Reynolds\\u002FAgence France-Presse \u2014 Getty Images\",\"crops\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":416,\"name\":\"articleLarge\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-articleLarge.jpg\",\"width\":600},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":451,\"name\":\"popup\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-popup.jpg\",\"width\":650},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":711,\"name\":\"jumbo\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-jumbo.jpg\",\"width\":1024},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":1421,\"name\":\"superJumbo\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-superJumbo.jpg\",\"width\":2048}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":150,\"name\":\"thumbLarge\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-thumbLarge.jpg\",\"width\":150}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":132,\"name\":\"articleInline\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-articleInline.jpg\",\"width\":190}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":1799,\"name\":\"mobileMasterAt3x\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg\",\"width\":1800}]}],\"id\":\"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvZWM3ZjBjZWEtMDJjNi01MDA0LWIwMGEtZDkwMTQxNzExMDVm\",\"imageType\":\"photo\",\"legacyHtmlCaption\":\"Pig eggs prepared for an injection of genetic modifications at Revivicor Laboratories in Blacksburg, Va.\",\"timesTags\":[],\"uri\":\"nyt:\\u002F\\u002Fimage\\u002Fec7f0cea-02c6-5004-b00a-d9014171105f\",\"url\":\"\\u002Fimagepages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F10\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-05b-jfwk.html\"},\"size\":\"MEDIUM\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":true,\"index\":39},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The information is critical, because kidneys perform important functions besides making urine: They filter blood, removing waste and extra fluid, and help maintain healthy balances of water, salts and minerals like potassium. They produce hormones that control blood pressure, keep bones strong and help make red blood cells.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":40},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cPart of what we were able to answer with the two-month decedent was, \u2018Can the pig kidney do all these things?\u2019\u201d Dr. Montgomery said.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":41},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The answer? \u201cNot all of them. But most of them.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"As for the other functions, he said, \u201cWe have medications.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":42},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In early 2022, a 57-year-old patient in Maryland became the first human \"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[{\"__typename\":\"LinkFormat\",\"title\":\"\",\"uri\":null,\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2022\\u002F01\\u002F10\\u002Fhealth\\u002Fheart-transplant-pig-bennett.html\"}],\"text\":\"to receive a heart harvested from a genetically modified pig\"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\", produced by Revivicor.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":43},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"David Bennett had a life-threatening arrhythmia and had been hooked up to a heart-lung bypass machine. But he had run out of treatment options and was not even allowed on the waiting list for a human donor heart because of his history of not following doctors\u2019 orders.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":44},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"When Dr. Bartley Griffith, a surgeon at the University of Maryland Medical Center, offered him the pig\u2019s heart, he wasn\u2019t sure that Mr. Bennett understood.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":45},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Then Mr. Bennett asked, \u201cWill I oink?\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The new heart started pumping after it was implanted, and Mr. Bennett\u2019s body didn\u2019t turn on it, at least not right away. But his immune system eventually mounted a very aggressive response, and he died about two months later.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":true,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":true,\"adsHybrid\":true,\"adsMobile\":true,\"adsMobileHoldout\":true,\"bad\":false,\"index\":46},{\"__typename\":\"UnstructuredBlock\",\"data\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\\\",\\\"content\\\":[],\\\"formats\\\":[],\\\"isUnstructured\\\":true}\",\"dataType\":\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\",\"mediaRefs\":[]},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The official cause of death was heart failure, but his poor health had limited the use of anti-rejection drugs, Dr. Griffith and his colleague Dr. Muhammad Mohiuddin said.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":47},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In September 2023, a second terminally ill man opted to receive a pig\u2019s heart. Lawrence Faucette, of Frederick, Md., had advanced heart failure. Mr. Faucette, 58, survived for only six weeks after the procedure, but his wife, Ann Faucette, said she had no regrets.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":48},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cIt\u2019s like you\u2019re in the middle of the ocean, and you have a choice of staying there to be eaten by sharks or having pirates rescue you, and then at least you have a chance,\u201d Ms. Faucette said.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":49},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The deaths may have signaled failure to the general public, but the xenotransplant community was optimistic. Neither of the patients experienced a dreaded outcome, hyperacute rejection, when the body attacks and destroys a transplanted organ, turning it black within hours, even minutes.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":50},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Last year, the pace of development picked up.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In March 2024, Richard Slayman, 62, a transportation department supervisor from Weymouth, Mass., known as Rick, became the first patient to have a genetically engineered pig\u2019s kidney 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had suffered from kidney failure for over a decade, and a human donor kidney had failed. He developed heart disease and vascular problems. His kidney doctor at Massachusetts General Hospital, Dr. Winfred Williams, said he \u201cwas growing despondent.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":53},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Within days of the xenotransplant, Mr. Slayman was walking around the hospital. A week later, he was discharged \u2014 the first patient to go home with an internal pig\u2019s organ making urine and clearing creatinine. The kidney was produced by eGenesis.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":54},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The next month, in April 2024, NYU Langone surgeons transplanted a Revivicor pig kidney into Lisa Pisano, 54, a critically ill New Jersey woman who also had a mechanical heart pump implanted. Doctors had to remove the kidney because she developed complications.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":55},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Mr. Slayman died in May after a cardiac event, and Ms. Pisano, who never left the hospital, died in July.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":56},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Dr. Montgomery said doctors had learned from each procedure.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cWe forget, but the first person to receive a human heart transplant also died within two weeks,\u201d he said. 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The patient, 53-year-old Louis Washkansky, died after 18 days.)\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":true,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":true,\"adsHybrid\":true,\"adsMobile\":true,\"adsMobileHoldout\":true,\"bad\":false,\"index\":57},{\"__typename\":\"UnstructuredBlock\",\"data\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\\\",\\\"content\\\":[],\\\"formats\\\":[],\\\"isUnstructured\\\":true}\",\"dataType\":\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\",\"mediaRefs\":[]},{\"__typename\":\"Heading2Block\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u2018A Win-Win\u2019\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In November, \"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[{\"__typename\":\"LinkFormat\",\"title\":\"\",\"uri\":null,\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2024\\u002F12\\u002F17\\u002Fhealth\\u002Fpig-kidney-transplant-looney.html\"}],\"text\":\"Towana Looney, 5\"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"3, from Gadsden, Ala., was sitting in her dialysis chair when she got the call she had been waiting for ever since she heard news reports about pig kidneys years earlier.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":58},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Ms. Looney had kidney failure. But she also carried antibodies that made organ rejection likely, meaning she probably would not receive a donated human kidney.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":59},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Dr. Locke was calling to tell her that a pig\u2019s kidney was waiting for her in New York.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cI said, \u2018But what about Christmas?\u2019\u201d Ms. Looney recalled in an interview. \u201c Dr. Locke said, \u201cThis is going to be the best Christmas present you ever got.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":60},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The new kidney changed Ms. Looney\u2019s life. She no longer needed dialysis, and she could urinate again. Her blood pressure normalized, her nausea subsided, her appetite roared back to life, and she was able to walk nine or 10 city blocks at a clip.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":61},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cDialysis took so much out of me, I felt like I had to fight to live,\u201d she said over dinner recently. \u201cNow my voice is strong, my energy is strong, I sound different \u2014 it\u2019s a win-win.\u201d\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":62},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Ms. Looney was the first patient to make it to the three-month mark, and she flew home to Alabama last month.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":63},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"In January, Mass General surgeons transplanted an eGenesis pig\u2019s kidney into 66-year-old Tim Andrews, of Concord, N.H. Mr. Andrews was taken to his first pre-surgical consultation in a wheelchair \u2014 and felt well enough to do a short tap-dance by the time he left the recovery room.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":64},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The Food and Drug Administration has given Revivicor the green light to begin a formal clinical trial that could pave the way to routine approved use of pig kidneys. eGenesis also received the go-ahead to study a series of patients, of whom Mr. Andrews was the first.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":true,\"index\":65},{\"__typename\":\"ImageBlock\",\"media\":{\"__typename\":\"Image\",\"altText\":\"Several surgeons hunched over the operating table in blue scrubs.\",\"caption\":{\"__typename\":\"TextOnlyDocumentBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Surgeons at work during Ms. Pisano\u2019s surgery at NYU Langone Health in April 2024.\"}]}],\"text\":\"Surgeons at work during Ms. Pisano\u2019s surgery at NYU Langone Health in April 2024.\"},\"credit\":\"Joe Carrotta\\u002FNYU Langone Health, via Associated Press\",\"crops\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":400,\"name\":\"articleLarge\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-articleLarge.jpg\",\"width\":600},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":433,\"name\":\"popup\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-popup.jpg\",\"width\":650},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":683,\"name\":\"jumbo\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-jumbo.jpg\",\"width\":1024},{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":1365,\"name\":\"superJumbo\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-superJumbo.jpg\",\"width\":2048}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":150,\"name\":\"thumbLarge\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-thumbLarge.jpg\",\"width\":150}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":127,\"name\":\"articleInline\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-articleInline.jpg\",\"width\":190}]},{\"__typename\":\"ImageCrop\",\"renditions\":[{\"__typename\":\"ImageRendition\",\"height\":1800,\"name\":\"mobileMasterAt3x\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fstatic01.nyt.com\\u002Fimages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F07\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07\\u002F00pig-kidneys-tlzc-mobileMasterAt3x.jpg\",\"width\":1800}]}],\"id\":\"SW1hZ2U6bnl0Oi8vaW1hZ2UvNmU3YWY4MDgtMGQzMC01ZTNiLTkxZDUtMTFiNWFmMGExMjZi\",\"imageType\":\"photo\",\"legacyHtmlCaption\":\"Surgeons at work during Ms. Pisano\u2019s surgery at NYU Langone Health in April 2024.\",\"timesTags\":[],\"uri\":\"nyt:\\u002F\\u002Fimage\\u002F6e7af808-0d30-5e3b-91d5-11b5af0a126b\",\"url\":\"\\u002Fimagepages\\u002F2025\\u002F03\\u002F10\\u002Fmultimedia\\u002F00transplants-pigs-07.html\"},\"size\":\"MEDIUM\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":true,\"index\":66},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"As routine pig organ transplants move closer to reality, researchers have begun wrestling in earnest with ethical dilemmas.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":67},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Bioethicists have asked how trial participants can be properly informed of the risks of the procedure when there are so many unknowns. Unlike participants in any other clinical trial, for example, xenotransplant patients must agree to lifelong surveillance and cannot withdraw from the trial.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":68},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Relatives and caregivers would need to be informed of the potential risks, too, since they could be among the first infected if a pathogen crosses species.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":69},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"To minimize the risk of an animal disease spillover, organs will be procured from pigs born and raised in pathogen-free facilities with much stricter regimens than those on the Wisconsin farm. \"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":70},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The companies will recruit kidney failure patients who depend on dialysis and are relatively healthy, but not eligible for a human donor organ because of their age or an additional medical condition.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":71},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Concerns about equity have also surfaced. Medical centers have been besieged by calls from patients begging to be next in line. But who will be first to get the pig organs? The burden of chronic kidney disease is disproportionately borne by Americans of color.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":72},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cWhen innovations are rolled out, it\u2019s commonly those with money who get them before anybody else,\u201d said Dr. Peter Reese, founding director of the Vanderbilt Center for Transplant Science, who has served as an unpaid adviser to eGenesis.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":true,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":true,\"adsHybrid\":true,\"adsMobile\":true,\"adsMobileHoldout\":true,\"bad\":false,\"index\":73},{\"__typename\":\"UnstructuredBlock\",\"data\":\"{\\\"type\\\":\\\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\\\",\\\"content\\\":[],\\\"formats\\\":[],\\\"isUnstructured\\\":true}\",\"dataType\":\"ExperimentalBlock_AdHint\",\"mediaRefs\":[]},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Some critics object to cloning animals for their organs as unethical. Still, the United States raises almost 150 million hogs for consumption each year.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":74},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"For now, caregivers at the eGenesis facility in Wisconsin are making sure the coddled pigs live their best lives. \"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":75},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The animals, which are very social, always have \u201csnout-to-snout\u201d contact with other pigs. And they are well fed, even though they often pretend that they missed a feeding.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":76},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"The caregivers, who grow attached to the pigs, know that most of them will be sacrificed for research or transplantation as soon as they mature, but they believe in the mission.\"}],\"textAlign\":\"LEFT\"},{\"__typename\":\"Dropzone\",\"adsDesktop\":false,\"adsDesktopHoldout\":false,\"adsHybrid\":false,\"adsMobile\":false,\"adsMobileHoldout\":false,\"bad\":false,\"index\":77},{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"\u201cWe know what they\u2019re being used for is so important,\u201d said Haley Rymut, the manager of donor resources. \u201cWe 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href=\\\\\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2024\\u002F01\\u002F20\\u002Fhealth\\u002Fheart-bypass-women.html\\\\\\\"\\u003EWomen are paying the price\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\\",\\\"People who frequently smoke marijuana have a higher risk of heart attack and stroke, according to a study that \\u003Ca href=\\\\\\\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2024\\u002F02\\u002F28\\u002Fhealth\\u002Fmarijuana-heart-attack-stroke.html\\\\\\\"\\u003Ehas researchers and experts concerned\\u003C\\u002Fa\\u003E.\\\"]}]}]}}]}]}\",\"guide\":{\"__typename\":\"StorylineGuide\",\"displayName\":\"What to Know About Heart Health\",\"leadIn\":\"Heart attacks and strokes\u00a0are among the leading causes of death around the world, but there are ways to protect 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symptoms.\"}]}]},{\"__typename\":\"ListItemBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"High blood pressure can raise the risk of heart attack, stroke and other health problems. \"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[{\"__typename\":\"LinkFormat\",\"uri\":\"nyt:\\u002F\\u002Farticle\\u002F97e8dd9d-d3c1-5d0b-ae5c-bee3106264cb\",\"url\":\"https:\\u002F\\u002Fwww.nytimes.com\\u002F2024\\u002F02\\u002F29\\u002Fwell\\u002Flive\\u002Fhigh-blood-pressure-lower.html\"}],\"text\":\"Here\u2019s how to get it under control\"},{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\".\"}]}]},{\"__typename\":\"ListItemBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"ParagraphBlock\",\"content\":[{\"__typename\":\"TextInline\",\"formats\":[],\"text\":\"Heart disease, diabetes and kidney disease are among the most common chronic illnesses in the United States \u2014 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