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href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li 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tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" value=\"\"\/><button type=\"button\" data-testid=\"search-input-search-button\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-3 hsIsEs hCTSNW\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 beCbGD\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"search\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5 2.9-2.9zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1c0 5.2-3.9 9.1-9 9.1s-9-3.9-9-9.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-7 xKITv\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Travel<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/travel\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Earth<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Audio<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/audio\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/video\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Video<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Live<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/live\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\">Weather<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">'By bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials': How Oskar Schindler saved 1,200 Jewish people during World War Two<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-10T11:00:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">36 minutes ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span 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11.036C7.4656 12.1639 8.38977 13.0881 9.51768 13.0881C10.661 13.0881 11.5852 12.1639 11.5852 11.036C11.5852 9.89268 10.661 8.96851 9.51768 8.96851\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Share<\/span><\/button><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 iQJDhl cCYQUA kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"byline-new-contributors\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB\"><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Greg McKevitt<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 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12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Alamy Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Alamy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">(Credit: Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"the-nazis-carried-out-the-final-"liquidation"-of-the-krak\u00f3w-jewish-ghetto-on-13-march-1943,-an-act-of-violence-that-shocked-a-factory-owner-into-becoming-a-saviour.-these-events-were-depicted-in-thomas-keneally's-novel-schindler's-ark-and-steven-spielberg's-film-schindler's-list.-but-in-1982,-keneally-told-the-bbc-that-oskar-schindler's-story-was-handed-to-him-during-a-chance-meeting-with-a-luggage-salesman.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The Nazis carried out the final "liquidation" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/487360957da5422b84bdee781c94eba6\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Tonight<\/a>: "You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"video-block\" data-testid=\"fabl-video-container\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div class=\"sc-248dbe6b-0 jEQyFR\"><div data-testid=\"\" style=\"visibility:hidden\" class=\"sc-248dbe6b-1 iajJmE\"><\/div><button data-testid=\"custom-cta\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-1 gfjwbu\"><div data-testid=\"cta-play-icon\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-0 fWlIqT\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 82 82\"><circle cx=\"41\" cy=\"41\" r=\"37\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/circle><polygon fill=\"#202224\" points=\"32,25 32,58 60,42\"><\/polygon><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"sc-722d3f77-4 eTYlrn\"><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.<\/figcaption><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip ("I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/programmes\/p009mhzj\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Desert Island Discs<\/a> in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, "being a good central European," came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Keneally said: "[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us \u2013 Steven Spielberg on Poldek Pfefferberg<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Alamy Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Alamy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. "The list is life," Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and "all around its cramped margins lies the gulf".<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"from-opportunist-to-saviour\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"from-opportunist-to-saviour\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">From opportunist to saviour<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/film\/2004\/jun\/18\/1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">tough decision<\/a>: "We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest." He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"callout-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC\"><section class=\"sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp\"><p class=\"sc-e11d1f0-3 fBWdkT\">IN HISTORY<\/p><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=historycontent&at_campaign=inhistory&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.<\/a>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final "<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hmd.org.uk\/resource\/13-march-1943-krakow-ghetto-is-liquidated\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">liquidation<\/a>"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. His factory also produced ammunition shells to ensure it was regarded as a vital resource, and he listed the names, birthdates and skills of his Jewish workers, emphasising their importance to the Nazi war machine.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Keneally <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">told the BBC<\/a>: "What he virtually did was set up a benign concentration camp, not once but twice, and he kept on losing his people and getting them back by bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials, and by exploiting the extraordinary SS bureaucracy that was involved in a preposterously systematic manner in the Holocaust."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20250123-how-music-saved-the-life-of-teenage-jewish-cellist-in-auschwitz\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">How music saved a cellist's life in Auschwitz<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240328-in-history-nicholas-winton-rescues-children-during-holocaust-ww2\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The man who saved 669 children from the Nazis<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240620-anne-frank-and-her-teenage-diary-that-captivated-the-world\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Anne Frank's father on his daughter's diary<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When the war ended, Schindler struggled with failed businesses and turned to alcohol. Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. The inscription on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/righteous\/stories\/schindler.html\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">his grave<\/a> reads: "The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Among those saved were Pfefferberg and his wife Mila. After the war, the couple made their way to the US, and ended up in Beverly Hills. Pfefferberg sometimes went by the name <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/chapman.lyrasistechnology.org\/repositories\/5\/resources\/807\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Leopold Page<\/a>. Keneally noted in his 2008 memoir <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/11\/02\/books\/chapters\/chap-searching-for-schindler.html\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Searching for Schindler<\/a> that this was a name foisted on him upon arrival at\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20241108-the-migrants-who-passed-through-ellis-island\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Ellis Island\u00a0<\/a>in 1947. He <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/radio4\/arts\/openbook\/booklist_20081019.shtml\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">told the BBC<\/a> that writing this companion volume had been on his to-do list since Pfefferberg's death in 2001. "I felt that, as big a character as Schindler was, the man who had brought me to him was also an extraordinary character," he said.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"an-award-winning-book-and-an-award-winning-film\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"an-award-winning-book-and-an-award-winning-film\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">An award-winning book and an award-winning film<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When Steven Spielberg won the best director Oscar for Schindler's List at the 1994 Academy Awards, in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7bRNEZVNVSs\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">his speech<\/a> he said: "This never could have gotten started without a survivor called Poldek Pfefferberg\u2026 All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The film was based on Keneally's novel, Schindler's Ark, which won the UK's prestigious <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thebookerprizes.com\/the-booker-library\/books\/schindlers-ark\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Booker Prize<\/a> in 1982. Some argued that it should not have been classified as fiction, as the author had applied imaginative literary techniques to real-life events in the manner of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/culture\/cultural-comment\/on-being-the-ideal-reader-of-tom-wolfes-school-of-new-journalism\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">works<\/a> such as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff. Looking back in 2008, while discussing his Schindler memoir, Keneally told the BBC that the debate had been good for business. "These days archbishops don't do writers the great benefit of banning them from the pulpit, but a literary controversy does nearly as well as the archbishops of the past did in promoting a book," he said.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In his <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Booker Prize<\/a> acceptance speech, Keneally thanked Pfefferberg and other survivors who helped him tell the story. He said: "I'm in the extraordinary position that's akin to that of a Hollywood producer when he humbly accepts his Oscar, and thanks so many people. Normally a writer doesn't have to thank so many people, but most of my characters are still alive. And I'd also like to remember the extraordinary character whom Oskar was." \u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-more-stories-and-never-before-published-radio-scripts-to-your-inbox,-sign-up-to-the\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For more stories and never-before-published radio scripts to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=historycontent&at_campaign=inhistory&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"in-history-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"in-history-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">In History newsletter<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\",-while\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">, while\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"the-essential-list\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"the-essential-list\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The Essential List<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\"delivers-a-handpicked-selection-of-features-and-insights-twice-a-week.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights\u00a0twice a week.<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-more-culture-stories-from-the-bbc,-follow-us-on\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BBCCulture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"facebook\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"facebook\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Facebook<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\",\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BBC_Culture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">X<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\"and\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbc_culture\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Instagram<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\".\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">.<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"tags\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><div class=\"sc-4b0aaa-0 dGavUm\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/in-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">In History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/books\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Books<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/war\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">War<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k7vx9h\/why-cher-has-waited-until-now-to-write-her-memoir\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why Cher has waited until now to write her memoir\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why Cher has waited until now to write her memoir<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Cher explains why she has finally written her memoir and who it's for.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Books<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jjgsd6\/texas-fever-the-lesser-known-history-of-the-us-border\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Texas fever: The unexpected origin of the federal US\/Mexico border\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Texas fever: The lesser-known history of the US border<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1911, a fence was constructed on the US-Mexico border. But its purpose was not to stop humans.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jh9gjs\/century-old-olympics-footage-brought-back-to-life\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A look through footage from the Paris 1924 Olympics gives viewers a chance to reflect on how much has changed.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Sport<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jcz9cf\/the-rare-medieval-street-about-to-reveal-its-secrets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside one of Europe's oldest streets\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The rare medieval street about to reveal its secrets<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One of Europe's oldest residential streets hides in the heart of the English countryside.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">23 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j8gcmv\/tutankhamun-the-first-ever-view-inside-the-tomb\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The first view inside Tutankhamun's tomb\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Tutankhamun: The first ever view inside the tomb<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250306-the-future-of-conservation-might-be-in-vr-headsets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Woman in pink shirt and white blazer wearing VR goggles in front of leafy plants (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">A VR pangolin made me cry - and care about nature<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Research suggests that a new type of immersive storytelling about nature told through virtual reality (VR) can both build empathy and inspire us to act.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20250307-a-wild-road-to-the-highest-city-in-north-america\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">23 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Aerial view down Main Street in Leadville, Colorado (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">A wild road to the highest city in North America<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Located on a lonely mountain plain in Colorado ski country, the silver-rush-era town of Leadville holds secrets as deep as its tunnels and old mine workings.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">23 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20240228-leap-year-can-you-solve-these-time-riddles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Illustration of a hour glass and a serpent eating its own tail (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont\/BBC)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Three time-based puzzles from the ancient world<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">As the clocks go forward this spring, see if you can solve these puzzles based on ancient calendars.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/cy9d89e8zy4o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A female soldier, clad in army camouflage, a hat and holding a rifle as she looks away from the camera. The picture is monochrome.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Podcast series celebrates Warrior Women<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The Royal Armouries' new series celebrates the lives of six historical figures.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">England<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c8e7xjn8w3xo\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 days ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Four rusted steel figures are fixed to the grass and look like steel versions of cardboard cut-out figures. Each shows a woman in uniform, including pilots and an army sergeant.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Remarkable women of WW2 to be celebrated<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The Women in War exhibition, in Lincoln, highlights the "contribution" and "courage" of 10 women.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Lincolnshire<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div class=\"zephr_story_beta\"><\/div><\/main><hr data-testid=\"main-footer-divider\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI\"\/><footer data-testid=\"main-footer\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-0 bbntGk\"><div class=\"sc-c05885a3-3 jqsEov\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 112 32\" category=\"logo\" icon=\"bbc\" style=\"height:30px\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 itfIsL\"><title>British Broadcasting Corporation<\/title><path d=\"M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 L79.9999905,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,4.44444577e-05 Z M72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,32 L40.0000119,32 L40.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 L72.0000119,-3.55271368e-15 Z M32,-3.55271368e-15 L32,32 L-1.13686838e-13,32 L-1.13686838e-13,-3.55271368e-15 L32,-3.55271368e-15 Z M97.469329,6.80826869 C96.0294397,6.80826869 94.7294393,7.02226876 93.5693278,7.44982444 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"culture\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250307-how-oskar-schindler-saved-12000-jewish-people-in-ww2\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\/article\/20250307-how-oskar-schindler-saved-12000-jewish-people-in-ww2\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'By bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials': How Oskar Schindler saved 1,200 Jewish people during World War Two\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741604400000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"culture\/author\/greg-mckevitt\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Greg McKevitt\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Greg McKevitt\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741604400000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwtn7q.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Alamy\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Nazis carried out the final \\\"liquidation\\\" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Nazis carried out the final \\\"liquidation\\\" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, Tonight: \\\"You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tonight\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/487360957da5422b84bdee781c94eba6\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tonight\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\": \\\"You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"video\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"p0kwm166\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"blockId\":\"\",\"type\":\"mediaMetadata\",\"model\":{\"id\":\"p0kwm166\",\"subType\":\"clip\",\"format\":\"audio_video\",\"title\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"synopses\":{\"short\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"long\":\"The Nazis carried out the final 'liquidation' of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943; an event of shocking violence depicted in the film Schindler\u2019s List. In History looks at how the story of Oskar Schindler reached the wider world thanks to a chance meeting between an Australian writer and a luggage salesman.\",\"medium\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\"},\"imageUrl\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwv0v2.jpg\",\"embedding\":true,\"advertising\":true,\"versions\":[{\"versionId\":\"p0kwm16g\",\"duration\":216,\"warnings\":{\"short\":\"\",\"long\":\"\"}}],\"syndication\":{\"destinations\":[]},\"smpKind\":\"programme\"}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwv0v2.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"\"}}]}}]}}],\"playerPosition\":\"embedded-0\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip (\\\"I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills\\\") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's Desert Island Discs in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, \\\"being a good central European,\\\" came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip (\\\"I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills\\\") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Desert Island Discs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/programmes\/p009mhzj\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Desert Island Discs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, \\\"being a good central European,\\\" came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally said: \\\"[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally said: \\\"[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us \u2013 Steven Spielberg on Poldek Pfefferberg\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwtnkg.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Alamy\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. \\\"The list is life,\\\" Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and \\\"all around its cramped margins lies the gulf\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. \\\"The list is life,\\\" Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and \\\"all around its cramped margins lies the gulf\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From opportunist to saviour\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From opportunist to saviour\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a tough decision: \\\"We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest.\\\" He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"tough decision\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/film\/2004\/jun\/18\/1\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"tough decision\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\": \\\"We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest.\\\" He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"callout\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"IN HISTORY\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?\\u0026at_bbc_team=studios\\u0026at_medium=Onsite\\u0026at_objective=acquisition\\u0026at_ptr_name=bbc.com\\u0026at_link_origin=historycontent\\u0026at_campaign=inhistory\\u0026at_campaign_type=owned\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final \\\"liquidation\\\"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. His factory also produced ammunition shells to ensure it was regarded as a vital resource, and he listed the names, birthdates and skills of his Jewish workers, emphasising their importance to the Nazi war machine.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final \\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"liquidation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/hmd.org.uk\/resource\/13-march-1943-krakow-ghetto-is-liquidated\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"liquidation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. 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Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. The inscription on his grave reads: \\\"The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When the war ended, Schindler struggled with failed businesses and turned to alcohol. Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. 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kMdlAO\"><\/div><\/div><\/header><nav data-testid=\"level1-navigation-container\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-9 hBTemC\"><section class=\"sc-f116bf72-0 hkTqj\"><nav class=\"sc-f116bf72-1 xECcw\"><ul class=\"sc-f116bf72-2 bXpjTY\"><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Home<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">News<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div 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tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/section><\/nav><noscript><details class=\"sc-c8fbcff-0 jLNykE\"><summary class=\"sc-c8fbcff-2 glQTWZ\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"list-view-text\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M1 7.5h30V1.9H1v5.6zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1v5.6zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1v5.6z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 kPEgTc\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/home\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Home<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/topics\/c2vdnvdg6xxt\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Israel-Gaza War<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/war-in-ukraine\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">War in Ukraine<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\/northern_ireland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" 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data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">'By bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials': How Oskar Schindler saved 1,200 Jewish people during World War Two<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-10T11:00:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">36 minutes ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span 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12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtn7q.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Alamy Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Alamy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">(Credit: Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"the-nazis-carried-out-the-final-"liquidation"-of-the-krak\u00f3w-jewish-ghetto-on-13-march-1943,-an-act-of-violence-that-shocked-a-factory-owner-into-becoming-a-saviour.-these-events-were-depicted-in-thomas-keneally's-novel-schindler's-ark-and-steven-spielberg's-film-schindler's-list.-but-in-1982,-keneally-told-the-bbc-that-oskar-schindler's-story-was-handed-to-him-during-a-chance-meeting-with-a-luggage-salesman.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The Nazis carried out the final "liquidation" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/487360957da5422b84bdee781c94eba6\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Tonight<\/a>: "You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"video-block\" data-testid=\"fabl-video-container\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div class=\"sc-248dbe6b-0 jEQyFR\"><div data-testid=\"\" style=\"visibility:hidden\" class=\"sc-248dbe6b-1 iajJmE\"><\/div><button data-testid=\"custom-cta\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-1 gfjwbu\"><div data-testid=\"cta-play-icon\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-0 fWlIqT\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 82 82\"><circle cx=\"41\" cy=\"41\" r=\"37\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/circle><polygon fill=\"#202224\" points=\"32,25 32,58 60,42\"><\/polygon><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"sc-722d3f77-4 eTYlrn\"><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.<\/figcaption><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip ("I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/programmes\/p009mhzj\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Desert Island Discs<\/a> in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, "being a good central European," came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Keneally said: "[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us \u2013 Steven Spielberg on Poldek Pfefferberg<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwtnkg.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Alamy Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Alamy<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. "The list is life," Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and "all around its cramped margins lies the gulf".<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"from-opportunist-to-saviour\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"from-opportunist-to-saviour\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">From opportunist to saviour<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/film\/2004\/jun\/18\/1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">tough decision<\/a>: "We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest." He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"callout-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC\"><section class=\"sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp\"><p class=\"sc-e11d1f0-3 fBWdkT\">IN HISTORY<\/p><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=historycontent&at_campaign=inhistory&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.<\/a>\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final "<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/hmd.org.uk\/resource\/13-march-1943-krakow-ghetto-is-liquidated\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">liquidation<\/a>"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. His factory also produced ammunition shells to ensure it was regarded as a vital resource, and he listed the names, birthdates and skills of his Jewish workers, emphasising their importance to the Nazi war machine.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Keneally <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">told the BBC<\/a>: "What he virtually did was set up a benign concentration camp, not once but twice, and he kept on losing his people and getting them back by bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials, and by exploiting the extraordinary SS bureaucracy that was involved in a preposterously systematic manner in the Holocaust."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20250123-how-music-saved-the-life-of-teenage-jewish-cellist-in-auschwitz\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">How music saved a cellist's life in Auschwitz<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240328-in-history-nicholas-winton-rescues-children-during-holocaust-ww2\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The man who saved 669 children from the Nazis<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240620-anne-frank-and-her-teenage-diary-that-captivated-the-world\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Anne Frank's father on his daughter's diary<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When the war ended, Schindler struggled with failed businesses and turned to alcohol. Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. The inscription on <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/righteous\/stories\/schindler.html\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">his grave<\/a> reads: "The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Among those saved were Pfefferberg and his wife Mila. After the war, the couple made their way to the US, and ended up in Beverly Hills. Pfefferberg sometimes went by the name <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/chapman.lyrasistechnology.org\/repositories\/5\/resources\/807\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Leopold Page<\/a>. Keneally noted in his 2008 memoir <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/11\/02\/books\/chapters\/chap-searching-for-schindler.html\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Searching for Schindler<\/a> that this was a name foisted on him upon arrival at\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20241108-the-migrants-who-passed-through-ellis-island\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Ellis Island\u00a0<\/a>in 1947. He <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/radio4\/arts\/openbook\/booklist_20081019.shtml\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">told the BBC<\/a> that writing this companion volume had been on his to-do list since Pfefferberg's death in 2001. "I felt that, as big a character as Schindler was, the man who had brought me to him was also an extraordinary character," he said.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"subheadline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h2 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 DkKTF\"><span id=\"an-award-winning-book-and-an-award-winning-film\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kPypaC\"><b id=\"an-award-winning-book-and-an-award-winning-film\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">An award-winning book and an award-winning film<\/b><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When Steven Spielberg won the best director Oscar for Schindler's List at the 1994 Academy Awards, in <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7bRNEZVNVSs\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">his speech<\/a> he said: "This never could have gotten started without a survivor called Poldek Pfefferberg\u2026 All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The film was based on Keneally's novel, Schindler's Ark, which won the UK's prestigious <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/thebookerprizes.com\/the-booker-library\/books\/schindlers-ark\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Booker Prize<\/a> in 1982. Some argued that it should not have been classified as fiction, as the author had applied imaginative literary techniques to real-life events in the manner of <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/culture\/cultural-comment\/on-being-the-ideal-reader-of-tom-wolfes-school-of-new-journalism\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">works<\/a> such as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff. Looking back in 2008, while discussing his Schindler memoir, Keneally told the BBC that the debate had been good for business. "These days archbishops don't do writers the great benefit of banning them from the pulpit, but a literary controversy does nearly as well as the archbishops of the past did in promoting a book," he said.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In his <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Booker Prize<\/a> acceptance speech, Keneally thanked Pfefferberg and other survivors who helped him tell the story. He said: "I'm in the extraordinary position that's akin to that of a Hollywood producer when he humbly accepts his Oscar, and thanks so many people. Normally a writer doesn't have to thank so many people, but most of my characters are still alive. And I'd also like to remember the extraordinary character whom Oskar was." \u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-more-stories-and-never-before-published-radio-scripts-to-your-inbox,-sign-up-to-the\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For more stories and never-before-published radio scripts to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=historycontent&at_campaign=inhistory&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"in-history-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"in-history-newsletter\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">In History newsletter<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\",-while\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">, while\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"the-essential-list\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"the-essential-list\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">The Essential List<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\"delivers-a-handpicked-selection-of-features-and-insights-twice-a-week.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights\u00a0twice a week.<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-more-culture-stories-from-the-bbc,-follow-us-on\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For more Culture stories from the BBC, follow us on\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/BBCCulture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"facebook\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"facebook\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Facebook<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\",\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/BBC_Culture\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"x\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">X<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\"and\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0and\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.instagram.com\/bbc_culture\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><i id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"><b id=\"instagram\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Instagram<\/b><\/i><\/a><i id=\".\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">.<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"tags\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><div class=\"sc-4b0aaa-0 dGavUm\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/in-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">In History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">History<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/books\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Books<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/war\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">War<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k7vx9h\/why-cher-has-waited-until-now-to-write-her-memoir\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k7w1d4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why Cher has waited until now to write her memoir\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why Cher has waited until now to write her memoir<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Cher explains why she has finally written her memoir and who it's for.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Books<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jjgsd6\/texas-fever-the-lesser-known-history-of-the-us-border\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jjgwdw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Texas fever: The unexpected origin of the federal US\/Mexico border\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Texas fever: The lesser-known history of the US border<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1911, a fence was constructed on the US-Mexico border. But its purpose was not to stop humans.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jh9gjs\/century-old-olympics-footage-brought-back-to-life\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhbwpw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Century-old Olympics footage brought back to life<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A look through footage from the Paris 1924 Olympics gives viewers a chance to reflect on how much has changed.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Sport<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jcz9cf\/the-rare-medieval-street-about-to-reveal-its-secrets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jd20ty.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside one of Europe's oldest streets\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The rare medieval street about to reveal its secrets<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One of Europe's oldest residential streets hides in the heart of the English countryside.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">23 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0j8gcmv\/tutankhamun-the-first-ever-view-inside-the-tomb\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jg5n89.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The first view inside Tutankhamun's tomb\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Tutankhamun: The first ever view inside the tomb<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">One month after the famous discovery, photographer Harry Burton recreated the first view of Tutankhamun's tomb.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Jul 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250306-the-future-of-conservation-might-be-in-vr-headsets\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwv0pc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Woman in pink shirt and white blazer wearing VR goggles in front of leafy plants (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">A VR pangolin made me cry - and care about nature<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Research suggests that a new type of immersive storytelling about nature told through virtual reality (VR) can both build empathy and inspire us to act.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20250307-a-wild-road-to-the-highest-city-in-north-america\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">23 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kwt2v1.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Aerial view down Main Street in Leadville, Colorado (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">A wild road to the highest city in North America<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Located on a lonely mountain plain in Colorado ski country, the silver-rush-era town of Leadville holds secrets as deep as its tunnels and old mine workings.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">23 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20240228-leap-year-can-you-solve-these-time-riddles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hflh8h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Illustration of a hour glass and a serpent eating its own tail (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont\/BBC)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Three time-based puzzles from the ancient world<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">As the clocks go forward this spring, see if you can solve these puzzles based on ancient calendars.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/cy9d89e8zy4o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9dcc\/live\/efc3ec70-fb43-11ef-b291-618bc0bdbe5f.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A female soldier, clad in army camouflage, a hat and holding a rifle as she looks away from the camera. The picture is monochrome.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Podcast series celebrates Warrior Women<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The Royal Armouries' new series celebrates the lives of six historical figures.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">England<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c8e7xjn8w3xo\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">2 days ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/4b52\/live\/de380250-fc3a-11ef-bedb-f5232005f4e0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Four rusted steel figures are fixed to the grass and look like steel versions of cardboard cut-out figures. Each shows a woman in uniform, including pilots and an army sergeant.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Remarkable women of WW2 to be celebrated<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The Women in War exhibition, in Lincoln, highlights the "contribution" and "courage" of 10 women.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Lincolnshire<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"culture\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250307-how-oskar-schindler-saved-12000-jewish-people-in-ww2\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:culture\/article\/20250307-how-oskar-schindler-saved-12000-jewish-people-in-ww2\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'By bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials': How Oskar Schindler saved 1,200 Jewish people during World War Two\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741604400000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"culture\/author\/greg-mckevitt\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Greg McKevitt\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Greg McKevitt\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741604400000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"(Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler holds up a photograph of him with people (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwtn7q.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Alamy\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Nazis carried out the final \\\"liquidation\\\" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Nazis carried out the final \\\"liquidation\\\" of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943, an act of violence that shocked a factory owner into becoming a saviour. These events were depicted in Thomas Keneally's novel Schindler's Ark and Steven Spielberg's film Schindler's List. But in 1982, Keneally told the BBC that Oskar Schindler's story was handed to him during a chance meeting with a luggage salesman.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, Tonight: \\\"You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Oskar Schindler was living in relative obscurity when his story was first featured on the BBC in 1964. Journalist Magnus Magnusson told viewers of the current affairs programme, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tonight\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/487360957da5422b84bdee781c94eba6\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Tonight\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\": \\\"You may not have heard of him yet, but one day you will. Today, he lives in Germany; sick, unemployable and penniless. In fact, he lives on charity, but not the poor-box kind. The money that keeps him and his family alive comes from the 1,300 Jews whose lives he personally saved in the last war. Many of them are pledged to give one day's pay a year to the man they call the Scarlet Pimpernel of the concentration camps.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was in the news that day because it had been announced that a Hollywood film called To the Last Hour was to be made about his life. It came about because a few years earlier, Holocaust survivor Poldek Pfefferberg had shared with MGM producer Martin Gosch the almost preposterous story of how he was among thousands saved by a Nazi war profiteer: a handsome, womanising drunk and wheeler-dealer from Czechoslovakia who had previously demonstrated few heroic qualities. While that particular film would get stuck permanently in development hell, in 1980 Pfefferberg had a chance meeting with an unsuspecting Australian writer that would change both their lives.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"video\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"p0kwm166\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"blockId\":\"\",\"type\":\"mediaMetadata\",\"model\":{\"id\":\"p0kwm166\",\"subType\":\"clip\",\"format\":\"audio_video\",\"title\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"synopses\":{\"short\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\",\"long\":\"The Nazis carried out the final 'liquidation' of the Krak\u00f3w Jewish ghetto on 13 March 1943; an event of shocking violence depicted in the film Schindler\u2019s List. In History looks at how the story of Oskar Schindler reached the wider world thanks to a chance meeting between an Australian writer and a luggage salesman.\",\"medium\":\"WATCH: 'I first heard the story of Oskar in a baggage store in Los Angeles'.\"},\"imageUrl\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwv0v2.jpg\",\"embedding\":true,\"advertising\":true,\"versions\":[{\"versionId\":\"p0kwm16g\",\"duration\":216,\"warnings\":{\"short\":\"\",\"long\":\"\"}}],\"syndication\":{\"destinations\":[]},\"smpKind\":\"programme\"}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally, Schindler's Ark author\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwv0v2.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"\"}}]}}]}}],\"playerPosition\":\"embedded-0\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip (\\\"I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills\\\") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's Desert Island Discs in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, \\\"being a good central European,\\\" came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Thomas Keneally was killing time at the end of a Los Angeles promotional trip (\\\"I was being put up in unaccustomed grandeur by my publishers at a big hotel in Beverly Hills\\\") and window-shopping for a new briefcase before returning home to Sydney. He told the BBC's \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Desert Island Discs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/programmes\/p009mhzj\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Desert Island Discs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" in 1983 that the leather goods shop owner, \\\"being a good central European,\\\" came out to greet him and give him the hard sell.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally said: \\\"[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally said: \\\"[Pfefferberg] did produce a very good briefcase, and while I was waiting for the charges to be cleared on my credit cards \u2013 they're very slow to clear Australian credit cards, I've noticed; it's the convict reputation \u2013 he began to talk to me about his wartime experience.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us \u2013 Steven Spielberg on Poldek Pfefferberg\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He knew I was a writer, and he said, 'I've got a book for you. I was saved, but so was my wife, saved from Auschwitz by an extraordinary German, a big handsome Hitlerite dream of a man called Oskar Schindler. I have many Oskar Schindler documents. In the 1960s, a movie was nearly made about Oskar, and while we're waiting for your credit card to be cleared, have a look at this material.'\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Liam Neeson played Oskar Schindler in Steven Spielberg's film, Schindler's List (Credit: Alamy)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwtnkg.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Alamy\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"He told his son to mind the shop, and he took me up to the bank on the corner, open on Saturdays. He talked them into running off photocopies of all this remarkable material, and at once I understood that here was a most astounding European character.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. \\\"The list is life,\\\" Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and \\\"all around its cramped margins lies the gulf\\\".\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"One of those documents was what would become known as Schindler's list. \\\"The list is life,\\\" Keneally would go on to write in his best-selling novel Schindler's Ark, and \\\"all around its cramped margins lies the gulf\\\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From opportunist to saviour\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"From opportunist to saviour\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a tough decision: \\\"We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest.\\\" He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pfefferberg was born into a Jewish family in Krak\u00f3w, where he had worked as a high school teacher and physical education professor until 1939, when Germany invaded Poland. He joined the Polish army and was wounded in battle. He told Keneally that when Poland fell to the Nazis and was partitioned between Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Soviet Union, he had to make a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"tough decision\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/film\/2004\/jun\/18\/1\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"tough decision\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\": \\\"We officers had to decide to go east or west. I decided not to go east, even though I was Jewish. If I had, I would have been shot with all the other poor sons of bitch in Katyn Forest.\\\" He was imprisoned in the Krak\u00f3w ghetto, a segregated area established in 1941 by the Nazis. About 15,000 Jewish people were herded into an area that previously housed about 3,000 residents, and forced to live in dehumanising conditions.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It was also in Krak\u00f3w that the Nazi Party member Oskar Schindler was exploiting wartime misery for money, taking over several confiscated Jewish-owned businesses including an enamelware factory. At first, most of Schindler's workers were non-Jewish Poles, but he later began to employ Jewish forced labourers from the ghetto. Pfefferberg became one of his employees. Meanwhile, the Nazis began rounding up groups of Jewish people at gunpoint and deporting them to nearby concentration camps. For those left behind, it was a time of terror.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"callout\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"IN HISTORY\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History is a series which uses the BBC's unique audio and video archive to explore historical events that still resonate today. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?\\u0026at_bbc_team=studios\\u0026at_medium=Onsite\\u0026at_objective=acquisition\\u0026at_ptr_name=bbc.com\\u0026at_link_origin=historycontent\\u0026at_campaign=inhistory\\u0026at_campaign_type=owned\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Subscribe to the accompanying weekly newsletter.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final \\\"liquidation\\\"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. His factory also produced ammunition shells to ensure it was regarded as a vital resource, and he listed the names, birthdates and skills of his Jewish workers, emphasising their importance to the Nazi war machine.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Schindler was forever changed in March 1943 by the brutality of the Nazis' final \\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"liquidation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/hmd.org.uk\/resource\/13-march-1943-krakow-ghetto-is-liquidated\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"liquidation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"\u00a0of the Krak\u00f3w ghetto. Those deemed able to work were transported to the nearby P\u0142asz\u00f3w labour camp. Thousands more who were considered unfit for work were either murdered in the streets or sent to the Auschwitz-Birkenau death camp. To save his workers from the camps, Schindler turned to using his talent for corruption and deceit. He continued to persuade Nazi officials that his workers were vital to the German war effort, bribing high-ranking SS officers with money and alcohol. His factory also produced ammunition shells to ensure it was regarded as a vital resource, and he listed the names, birthdates and skills of his Jewish workers, emphasising their importance to the Nazi war machine.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally told the BBC: \\\"What he virtually did was set up a benign concentration camp, not once but twice, and he kept on losing his people and getting them back by bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials, and by exploiting the extraordinary SS bureaucracy that was involved in a preposterously systematic manner in the Holocaust.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Keneally \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"told the BBC\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"told the BBC\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\": \\\"What he virtually did was set up a benign concentration camp, not once but twice, and he kept on losing his people and getting them back by bribery, by bluff, by corrupting officials, and by exploiting the extraordinary SS bureaucracy that was involved in a preposterously systematic manner in the Holocaust.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 How music saved a cellist's life in Auschwitz\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How music saved a cellist's life in Auschwitz\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20250123-how-music-saved-the-life-of-teenage-jewish-cellist-in-auschwitz\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"How music saved a cellist's life in Auschwitz\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 The man who saved 669 children from the Nazis\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The man who saved 669 children from the Nazis\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240328-in-history-nicholas-winton-rescues-children-during-holocaust-ww2\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The man who saved 669 children from the Nazis\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Anne Frank's father on his daughter's diary\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anne Frank's father on his daughter's diary\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20240620-anne-frank-and-her-teenage-diary-that-captivated-the-world\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Anne Frank's father on his daughter's diary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When the war ended, Schindler struggled with failed businesses and turned to alcohol. Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. The inscription on his grave reads: \\\"The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When the war ended, Schindler struggled with failed businesses and turned to alcohol. Those whom he had rescued would end up trying to rescue him, helping to support him financially. He died in 1974, aged 66. Survivors brought his remains to Israel, where he was buried in the Catholic Cemetery of Jerusalem. The inscription on \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"his grave\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.yadvashem.org\/righteous\/stories\/schindler.html\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"his grave\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" reads: \\\"The unforgettable rescuer of 1,200 persecuted Jews.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among those saved were Pfefferberg and his wife Mila. After the war, the couple made their way to the US, and ended up in Beverly Hills. Pfefferberg sometimes went by the name Leopold Page. Keneally noted in his 2008 memoir Searching for Schindler that this was a name foisted on him upon arrival at\u00a0Ellis Island\u00a0in 1947. He told the BBC that writing this companion volume had been on his to-do list since Pfefferberg's death in 2001. \\\"I felt that, as big a character as Schindler was, the man who had brought me to him was also an extraordinary character,\\\" he said.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among those saved were Pfefferberg and his wife Mila. After the war, the couple made their way to the US, and ended up in Beverly Hills. Pfefferberg sometimes went by the name \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Leopold Page\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/chapman.lyrasistechnology.org\/repositories\/5\/resources\/807\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Leopold Page\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Keneally noted in his 2008 memoir \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Searching for Schindler\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/11\/02\/books\/chapters\/chap-searching-for-schindler.html\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Searching for Schindler\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" that this was a name foisted on him upon arrival at\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ellis Island\u00a0\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/culture\/article\/20241108-the-migrants-who-passed-through-ellis-island\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Ellis Island\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"in 1947. He \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"told the BBC\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/radio4\/arts\/openbook\/booklist_20081019.shtml\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"told the BBC\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" that writing this companion volume had been on his to-do list since Pfefferberg's death in 2001. \\\"I felt that, as big a character as Schindler was, the man who had brought me to him was also an extraordinary character,\\\" he said.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"subheadline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An award-winning book and an award-winning film\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"An award-winning book and an award-winning film\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"h1\"]}}]}}]}}],\"level\":2}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When Steven Spielberg won the best director Oscar for Schindler's List at the 1994 Academy Awards, in his speech he said: \\\"This never could have gotten started without a survivor called Poldek Pfefferberg\u2026 All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When Steven Spielberg won the best director Oscar for Schindler's List at the 1994 Academy Awards, in \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"his speech\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7bRNEZVNVSs\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"his speech\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" he said: \\\"This never could have gotten started without a survivor called Poldek Pfefferberg\u2026 All of us owe him such a debt. He has carried the story of Oskar Schindler to all of us.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was based on Keneally's novel, Schindler's Ark, which won the UK's prestigious Booker Prize in 1982. Some argued that it should not have been classified as fiction, as the author had applied imaginative literary techniques to real-life events in the manner of works such as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff. Looking back in 2008, while discussing his Schindler memoir, Keneally told the BBC that the debate had been good for business. \\\"These days archbishops don't do writers the great benefit of banning them from the pulpit, but a literary controversy does nearly as well as the archbishops of the past did in promoting a book,\\\" he said.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The film was based on Keneally's novel, Schindler's Ark, which won the UK's prestigious \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Booker Prize\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/thebookerprizes.com\/the-booker-library\/books\/schindlers-ark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Booker Prize\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" in 1982. Some argued that it should not have been classified as fiction, as the author had applied imaginative literary techniques to real-life events in the manner of \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"works\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.newyorker.com\/culture\/cultural-comment\/on-being-the-ideal-reader-of-tom-wolfes-school-of-new-journalism\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"works\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" such as Truman Capote's In Cold Blood and Tom Wolfe's The Right Stuff. Looking back in 2008, while discussing his Schindler memoir, Keneally told the BBC that the debate had been good for business. \\\"These days archbishops don't do writers the great benefit of banning them from the pulpit, but a literary controversy does nearly as well as the archbishops of the past did in promoting a book,\\\" he said.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In his Booker Prize acceptance speech, Keneally thanked Pfefferberg and other survivors who helped him tell the story. He said: \\\"I'm in the extraordinary position that's akin to that of a Hollywood producer when he humbly accepts his Oscar, and thanks so many people. Normally a writer doesn't have to thank so many people, but most of my characters are still alive. And I'd also like to remember the extraordinary character whom Oskar was.\\\" \u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In his \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Booker Prize\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/genome.ch.bbc.co.uk\/c7e7d900fc0843f99a75717a62f4f3b1\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Booker Prize\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" acceptance speech, Keneally thanked Pfefferberg and other survivors who helped him tell the story. He said: \\\"I'm in the extraordinary position that's akin to that of a Hollywood producer when he humbly accepts his Oscar, and thanks so many people. Normally a writer doesn't have to thank so many people, but most of my characters are still alive. And I'd also like to remember the extraordinary character whom Oskar was.\\\" \u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For more stories and never-before-published radio scripts to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0In History newsletter, while\u00a0The Essential List\u00a0delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights\u00a0twice a week.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For more stories and never-before-published radio scripts to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History newsletter\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/InHistory_Newsletter_Signup?\\u0026at_bbc_team=studios\\u0026at_medium=Onsite\\u0026at_objective=acquisition\\u0026at_ptr_name=bbc.com\\u0026at_link_origin=historycontent\\u0026at_campaign=inhistory\\u0026at_campaign_type=owned\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In History newsletter\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\",\"italic\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", while\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Essential List\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?\\u0026at_bbc_team=studios\\u0026at_medium=Onsite\\u0026at_objective=acquisition\\u0026at_ptr_name=bbc.com\\u0026at_link_origin=featuresarticle\\u0026at_campaign=essentiallist\\u0026at_campaign_type=owned\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Essential 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