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Approximately 30,000 nuclear weapons were spread across Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, with Ukraine possessing nearly 1,900 strategic nuclear warheads and thousands of tactical nuclear weapons.However, three years later, Kyiv chose to denuclearize, signing the Budapest Memorandum and transferring the weapons to Russia. In exchange, Ukraine was promised security assurances from Russia, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.At the time, Ukraine's decision was widely welcomed, as it helped the country secure financial assistance from the West. But with Russia having openly violated the Budapest Memorandum—first by annexing Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, and by launching a full-scale invasion of the country in 2022—some now question whether Kyiv miscalculated the possible cost of disarmament.Would a Nuclear Ukraine Have Prevented the War?In 1993, political scientist John Mearsheimer published commentary titled \\\"The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent,\\\" arguing that a nuclear Ukraine was imperative to maintaining peace with its neighbor, Russia. Three decades on, he stands by that position.\\\"If Ukraine had kept its nuclear weapons, Russia would not have invaded in 2022,\\\" Mearsheimer, the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of Chicago, told Newsweek. \\\"Nuclear weapons are the ultimate deterrent.\\\"Mearsheimer said it would have been highly likely that Kyiv would have used its nuclear weapons to defend itself in the event of a Russian invasion, which Ukraine would have viewed as an \\\"existential threat.\\\"\\\"I think the Russians would have recognized that, and therefore would not have invaded in 2022,\\\" he said.\\\"Of course, this is why I argued that it made sense for Ukraine to keep its nuclear weapons, because I thought that in a conventional war, Ukraine stood hardly any chance of defeating the Russians,\\\" he added.Mariana Budjeryn, a senior research associate at Harvard's Belfer Center, and author of Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine, has described the current conflict as being escalated by Russia into a \\\"nuclear crisis\\\" through President Vladimir Putin's constant nuclear threats, signaling and use of intimidation.Budjeryn agreed with Mearsheimer that a fully developed Ukrainian nuclear deterrent could have dissuaded Russia from launching a large-scale invasion. However, she notes that the presence of nuclear weapons do not entirely eliminate the possibility of conflict.Border skirmishes and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, might still have happened, Budjeryn said, \\\"but this kind of large scale invasion where the very kind of survival of the country is at stake— that would have been much harder to accomplish, even for a country like Russia that has, measurably, a greater nuclear arsenal than Ukraine.\\\"She also pointed out that a nuclear-armed Ukraine would have forced a stronger and more decisive reaction from the West in 2014 to prevent possible escalation when Putin annexed the Black Sea peninsula of Crimea from Ukraine.\\\"The reaction of the Obama administration in 2014, which was just a few sanctions and not even a proper slap on the wrist for Russia, would have certainly been more robust and stern [if Ukraine had nuclear weapons] driven by the fears of proliferation,\\\" Budjeryn explained.\\\"Russia would be dissuaded from even starting a large-scale invasion because of the fear that down the road it could escalate to a nuclear threshold,\\\" Budjeryn said.Kyiv's Nuclear DilemmaBudjeryn challenged the idea that Ukraine simply surrendered its nuclear stockpile.\\\"Saying that Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal and gave it away for nothing is not exactly correct,\\\" Budjeryn said.Ukraine's nuclear weapons were designed for Soviet strategic use, meaning what Kyiv inherited was not ready to be used as a nuclear deterrent.\\\"It wasn't anything it could just grab and quickly turn around and use to deter Russia,\\\" she explained.Ukraine did have options, however, and had the capacity to turn this inheritance down the road into a fully fledged deterrent suitable for its own strategic use, much like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran.But \\\"that process would have taken time, and it would have taken investment—and time and investment in the early 90s, were the two kind of precious things that Ukraine would struggle to obtain,\\\" explained Budjeryn.\\\"Ukrainian leadership weighed costs and benefits of investing time and resources, and also its capacity to defy the international community, and withstand negative consequences that would have inevitably followed that.\\\"Mearsheimer agreed, noting that in retrospect, there was no strong internal consensus within Ukraine to keep nuclear weapons. The newly independent country was also facing colossal pressure from the U.S. and Russia to give up the nuclear weapons it had inherited from the Soviet Union.\\\"And given the state of the Ukrainian economy at the time, they didn't have much choice but to abandon those weapons or to turn those weapons back over to Russia.\\\"Could Ukraine Re-Develop Its Nuclear Capabilities?It's unlikely that Ukraine will redevelop its nuclear capabilities in the near future, Budjeryn said.\\\"If Ukraine does have money to invest in armaments, that would probably be conventional arms and means of conventional deterrence—longer range [weapons] that could keep Russian important strategic military assets under threat,\\\" added Budjeryn.Mearsheimer also dismissed the idea, adding that Russia would take extreme measures to prevent it from happening.\\\"With the passage of time, Russia's incentive to make sure Ukraine does not have nuclear weapons has only grown,\\\" he said. \\\"You want to remember that back in the early 1990s Russia and Ukraine were not mortal enemies. In fact, relations between the two countries were quite good. But today, nobody would argue that's the case.\\\"\\\"In fact, the opposite is the case…and the hatred on both sides is enormous. There's no way that the Russians would allow Ukraine to acquire nuclear weapons,\\\" he added.How Can Ukraine Defend Against Future Attacks?As potential peace talks loom, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has been urging the West to provide his country with security guarantees.So far, these requests have been openly rejected by Trump. But U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio suggested in an interview with Fox News on February 26 that \\\"what Ukraine really needs is a deterrent…to make it costly for anyone to come after them again in the future.\\\"\\\"And that can be discussed, and it doesn't have to just be America. I mean, the Europeans can be involved in that,\\\" said Rubio.Mearsheimer painted a bleak picture for Ukraine's future, arguing that it has no viable deterrence strategy that Russia would accept.\\\"This is the principal reason that Ukraine wants a security guarantee from the West,\\\" he said. \\\"It understands that it can't deter Russia by itself. It needs a security guarantee from the West, and as Zelensky has made perfectly clear, that has to be a security guarantee from the United States.\\\"The Trump administration has made it clear that Ukraine is not going to get a security guarantee, said Mearsheimer, adding that Russia \\\"would not tolerate that\\\" because \\\"a Western security guarantee is de facto membership in NATO.\\\"Putin has demanded that Ukraine give up its aspirations to join the NATO military alliance.\\\"The Russians have made it unequivocally clear that Ukraine has to be neutral, and that means no security guarantee from the West, and that means that Ukraine is on its own—and Ukraine on its own, cannot come up with a viable military strategy for containing Russia or deterring Russia in a future conflict or in a future crisis.\\\"Budjeryn, however, sees an alternative. She argues that Ukraine's best defense would be a NATO-style framework—integrating Ukraine's military with European forces to a certain degree.\\\"Ukraine would have to be bolstered in terms of defense capacity in such a way as to make it prohibitive for Russia to invade again,\\\" she said.She outlined key measures, including joint military development, arms production and intelligence-sharing.\\\"With the help of European partners and other partners—it's through building up Ukrainian armed forces with Western help,\\\" she said.\\\"It's through all these operational level things that that will have to take shape and essentially integrate Ukraine, to a significant extent, into European and defense architecture,\\\" Budjeryn added.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png\",\"image\":[{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=900&q=88&f=9dce81060d6ab9824e76c478eba89d5b\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":900,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=1200&q=88&f=99b818feb86300035390173546a26003\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=1600&q=88&f=76a0ac3b2d1ce3fdbcc2814ef7c2fef7\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1600,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"}],\"alternativeHeadline\":\"What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?\",\"articleSection\":\"World\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Isabel van Brugen\",\"jobTitle\":\"News Reporter\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.newsweek.com\\\/authors\\\/isabel-van-brugen\",\"email\":\"i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\",\"description\":\"Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, RussianYou can get in touch with Isabel by emailing i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen\"}],\"keywords\":[\"Russia-Ukraine War\",\"Russia\",\"Ukraine\",\"Nuclear weapons\",\"Nuclear\",\"Vladimir Putin\",\"Volodymyr Zelensky\",\"Donald Trump\",\"HP Top Stories\"],\"video\":[{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"VideoObject\",\"name\":\"Donald Trump Says He Wants to 'Get Rid' of Nuclear Weapons\",\"description\":\"President Donald Trump told reporters Thursday that he is in favor of denuclearization among global powers. It would be great if everybody would get rid of their nuclear weapons.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2602064\\\/donald-trump-says-he-wants-get.jpg?w=1280&h=720&q=88&f=fbef007505e367f81f11881b6930aa22\"],\"uploadDate\":\"2025-03-06T16:16:49-05:00\",\"duration\":\"PT1M29S\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/video.newsweek.com\\\/transcoder\\\/480p\\\/3071\\\/trump-nukes-1741295653.m3u8\"}],\"isAccessibleForFree\":\"True\"}<\/script> <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"http:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"World\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.newsweek.com\\\/world\"}]}<\/script> <\/head><body class=\"html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node-2044266 node-type-article standard-article lemon fontf\" data-gtm-category=\"NWUS-ARTICLE\">\n<noscript><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/ns.html?id=GTM-TVS8NW5\" height=\"0\" width=\"0\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/russia-ukraine-war\">\nRussia-Ukraine War <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/russia\">\nRussia <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/ukraine\">\nUkraine <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nuclear-weapons\">\nNuclear weapons <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nuclear\">\nNuclear <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/vladimir-putin\">\nVladimir Putin <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/volodymyr-zelensky\">\nVolodymyr Zelensky <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/donald-trump\">\nDonald Trump <\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/nav> <script>var links=document.querySelectorAll('.list-horizontal li 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Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><div class=\"writers-page\">\n<a href=\"\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">Writers Page\n<span class=\"writers-page-chevron\">\n<svg width=\"12\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M3.488 5.6.176.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L1.184 9.2H.176l3.288-5.448zm6.867 0L7.043.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L8.051 9.2H7.043l3.288-5.448z\" fill=\"#F72210\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/span>\n<a href=\" javascript:void(0); \" class=\"author-name\" rel=\"author\" data-id=\"reporter_0\"> Isabel van Brugen <\/a>\n<\/span><div class=\"user-title\">News Reporter<\/div><div class=\"trust-project\">\n<a href=\"\/editorial-guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" 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a leading nuclear expert has warned, telling <em>Newsweek<\/em> that the conflict, now in its fourth year, might have been prevented had Ukraine retained its Soviet-era nuclear arsenal.<\/p><h2><strong>When Did Ukraine Give Up Its Nuclear Weapons?<\/strong><\/h2><p>Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Approximately 30,000 nuclear weapons were spread across Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, with Ukraine possessing nearly 1,900 strategic nuclear warheads and thousands of tactical nuclear weapons.<\/p><p>However, three years later, Kyiv chose to denuclearize, signing the Budapest Memorandum and transferring the weapons to Russia. In exchange, Ukraine was promised security assurances from Russia, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.<\/p><p>At the time, Ukraine's decision was widely welcomed, as it helped the country secure financial assistance from the West. But with Russia having openly violated the Budapest Memorandum—first by annexing Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, and by launching a full-scale invasion of the country in 2022—some now question whether Kyiv miscalculated the possible cost of disarmament.<\/p><figure class=\"imageBox\" style=\"\"><div class=\"innerBox ar23-innerBox\" style=\"height:0;padding-bottom:66.6667%\">\n<picture class=\"mapping-embed\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 992px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 992px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=900&f=c58b7aa8effb9c234b45d2779b45f035 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=900&f=c58b7aa8effb9c234b45d2779b45f035 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 481px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 481px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=450&f=29dd5b29cf962fbfb4d1ff0971e0d6aa 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=450&f=29dd5b29cf962fbfb4d1ff0971e0d6aa 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=1200&f=212b78b64094f69939ccbd1c97b4bfe4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"mapping-embed imgPhoto\" id=\"i2605381\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1200&f=212b78b64094f69939ccbd1c97b4bfe4\" alt=\"Ukraine Nuclear Weapons\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" \/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption ar23-caption\">\n<span class=\"cap\" id=\"short-cap-description\">What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?<\/span>\n<span class=\"cap\" id=\"full-cap-description\" style=\"display: none;\">What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?<\/span>\n<span class=\"credit ar23-credit\">Photo Illustration by Newsweek\/Getty Images<\/span>\n<\/figcaption> <script>function toggleCap(sourceEvent){const siblings=sourceEvent.parentNode.children;const shortDesc=siblings[\"short-cap-description\"];const fullDesc=siblings[\"full-cap-description\"];const readMoreBtn=sourceEvent;if(fullDesc.style.display==='none'){shortDesc.style.display='none';fullDesc.style.display='inline';readMoreBtn.textContent='Less'}else{shortDesc.style.display='inline';fullDesc.style.display='none';readMoreBtn.textContent='More'}}<\/script> <\/figure><h2><strong style=\"color: black;\">Would a Nuclear Ukraine Have Prevented the War?<\/strong><\/h2><p>In 1993, political scientist John Mearsheimer published commentary titled \"The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent,\" arguing that a nuclear Ukraine was imperative to maintaining peace with its neighbor, Russia. Three decades on, he stands by that position.<\/p><p>\"If Ukraine had kept its nuclear weapons, Russia would not have invaded in 2022,\" Mearsheimer, the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of Chicago, told <em>Newsweek<\/em>. \"Nuclear weapons are the ultimate deterrent.\"<\/p><p>Mearsheimer said it would have been highly likely that Kyiv would have used its nuclear weapons to defend itself in the event of a Russian invasion, which Ukraine would have viewed as an \"existential threat.\"<\/p><p>\"I think the Russians would have recognized that, and therefore would not have invaded in 2022,\" he said.<\/p><p>\"Of course, this is why I argued that it made sense for Ukraine to keep its nuclear weapons, because I thought that in a conventional war, Ukraine stood hardly any chance of defeating the Russians,\" he added.<\/p><p>Mariana Budjeryn, a senior research associate at Harvard's Belfer Center, and author of <em>Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine<\/em>, has described the current conflict as being escalated by Russia into a \"nuclear crisis\" through President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/vladimir-putin\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Vladimir Putin<\/a>'s constant nuclear threats, signaling and use of intimidation.<\/p><p>Budjeryn agreed with Mearsheimer that a fully developed Ukrainian nuclear deterrent could have dissuaded Russia from launching a large-scale invasion. However, she notes that the presence of nuclear weapons do not entirely eliminate the possibility of conflict.<\/p><p>Border skirmishes and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, might still have happened, Budjeryn said, \"but this kind of large scale invasion where the very kind of survival of the country is at stake— that would have been much harder to accomplish, even for a country like Russia that has, measurably, a greater nuclear arsenal than Ukraine.\"<\/p><p>She also pointed out that a nuclear-armed Ukraine would have forced a stronger and more decisive reaction from the West in 2014 to prevent possible escalation when Putin annexed the Black Sea peninsula of Crimea from Ukraine.<\/p><p>\"The reaction of the Obama administration in 2014, which was just a few sanctions and not even a proper slap on the wrist for Russia, would have certainly been more robust and stern [if Ukraine had nuclear weapons] driven by the fears of proliferation,\" Budjeryn explained.<\/p><p>\"Russia would be dissuaded from even starting a large-scale invasion because of the fear that down the road it could escalate to a nuclear threshold,\" Budjeryn said.<\/p><h2><strong>Kyiv's Nuclear Dilemma<\/strong><\/h2><p>Budjeryn challenged the idea that Ukraine simply surrendered its nuclear stockpile.<\/p><p>\"Saying that Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal and gave it away for nothing is not exactly correct,\" Budjeryn said<em>.<\/em><\/p><p>Ukraine's nuclear weapons were designed for Soviet strategic use, meaning what Kyiv inherited was not ready to be used as a nuclear deterrent.<\/p><p>\"It wasn't anything it could just grab and quickly turn around and use to deter Russia,\" she explained.<\/p><p>Ukraine did have options, however, and had the capacity to turn this inheritance down the road into a fully fledged deterrent suitable for its own strategic use, much like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran.<\/p><p>But \"that process would have taken time, and it would have taken investment—and time and investment in the early 90s, were the two kind of precious things that Ukraine would struggle to obtain,\" explained Budjeryn.<\/p><p>\"Ukrainian leadership weighed costs and benefits of investing time and resources, and also its capacity to defy the international community, and withstand negative consequences that would have inevitably followed that.\"<\/p><p>Mearsheimer agreed, noting that in retrospect, there was no strong internal consensus within Ukraine to keep nuclear weapons. The newly independent country was also facing colossal pressure from the U.S. and Russia to give up the nuclear weapons it had inherited from the Soviet Union.<\/p><p>\"And given the state of the Ukrainian economy at the time, they didn't have much choice but to abandon those weapons or to turn those weapons back over to Russia.\"<\/p><h2><strong>Could Ukraine Re-Develop Its Nuclear Capabilities?<\/strong><\/h2><p>It's unlikely that Ukraine will redevelop its nuclear capabilities in the near future, Budjeryn said.<\/p><p>\"If Ukraine does have money to invest in armaments, that would probably be conventional arms and means of conventional deterrence—longer range [weapons] that could keep Russian important strategic military assets under threat,\" added Budjeryn.<\/p><p>Mearsheimer also dismissed the idea, adding that Russia would take extreme measures to prevent it from happening.<\/p><p>\"With the passage of time, Russia's incentive to make sure Ukraine does not have nuclear weapons has only grown,\" he said. \"You want to remember that back in the early 1990s Russia and Ukraine were not mortal enemies. In fact, relations between the two countries were quite good. But today, nobody would argue that's the case.\"<\/p><p>\"In fact, the opposite is the case…and the hatred on both sides is enormous. There's no way that the Russians would allow Ukraine to acquire nuclear weapons,\" he added.<\/p><h2><strong>How Can Ukraine Defend Against Future Attacks?<\/strong><\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/russia-offering-no-concessions-ukraine-peace-talks-trump-isw-2042669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"multivariate\">As potential peace talks loom<\/a>, Ukrainian President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/volodymyr-zelensky\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Volodymyr Zelensky<\/a> has been urging the West to provide his country with security guarantees.<\/p><p>So far, these requests have been openly rejected by Trump. But U.S. Secretary of State <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/marco-rubio\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Marco Rubio<\/a> suggested in an interview with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/fox-news\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Fox News<\/a> on February 26 that \"what Ukraine really needs is a deterrent…to make it costly for anyone to come after them again in the future.\"<\/p><p>\"And that can be discussed, and it doesn't have to just be America. I mean, the Europeans can be involved in that,\" said Rubio.<\/p><p>Mearsheimer painted a bleak picture for Ukraine's future, arguing that it has no viable deterrence strategy that Russia would accept.<\/p><p>\"This is the principal reason that Ukraine wants a security guarantee from the West,\" he said. \"It understands that it can't deter Russia by itself. It needs a security guarantee from the West, and as Zelensky has made perfectly clear, that has to be a security guarantee from the United States.\"<\/p><p>The Trump administration has made it clear that Ukraine is not going to get a security guarantee, said Mearsheimer, adding that Russia \"would not tolerate that\" because \"a Western security guarantee is de facto membership in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nato\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">NATO<\/a>.\"<\/p><p>Putin has demanded that Ukraine give up its aspirations to join the NATO military alliance.<\/p><p>\"The Russians have made it unequivocally clear that Ukraine has to be neutral, and that means no security guarantee from the West, and that means that Ukraine is on its own—and Ukraine on its own, cannot come up with a viable military strategy for containing Russia or deterring Russia in a future conflict or in a future crisis.\"<\/p><p>Budjeryn, however, sees an alternative. She argues that Ukraine's best defense would be a NATO-style framework—integrating Ukraine's military with European forces to a certain degree.<\/p><p>\"Ukraine would have to be bolstered in terms of defense capacity in such a way as to make it prohibitive for Russia to invade again,\" she said.<\/p><p>She outlined key measures, including joint military development, arms production and intelligence-sharing.<\/p><p>\"With the help of European partners and other partners—it's through building up Ukrainian armed forces with Western help,\" she said.<\/p><p>\"It's through all these operational level things that that will have to take shape and essentially integrate Ukraine, to a significant extent, into European and defense architecture,\" Budjeryn added.<\/p> <script>doFir.push(function(){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(event){let uncommonKnowledgeItems=document.querySelectorAll('.uncommon-list');if(uncommonKnowledgeItems.length>0){let 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src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607086\/jd-vance.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/jd-vance-booed-kennedy-center-2044671\">Videos of JD Vance Being Booed at Kennedy Center Go Viral<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/trump-tariffs-stupid-france-equal-response-2044669\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"French Minister Slams Trump's 'Stupid' Tariffs, Threatens 'Equal' Response\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=400&h=266&f=96ea013a804dbc42744a1b3820e09feb 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=400&h=266&f=96ea013a804dbc42744a1b3820e09feb 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=768&h=512&f=0be1922581978ee176233c6c6e9befbd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=768&h=512&f=0be1922581978ee176233c6c6e9befbd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=600&h=400&f=65ae076542139096b3100fa9a6d99a61 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=600&h=400&f=65ae076542139096b3100fa9a6d99a61 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/trump-tariffs-stupid-france-equal-response-2044669\">French Minister Slams Trump's 'Stupid' Tariffs, Threatens 'Equal' Response<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=400&h=266&f=8ef43f366d5220026755739a563b3553 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=400&h=266&f=8ef43f366d5220026755739a563b3553 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=768&h=512&f=d42b998eb4ce3fcf0b30467a2aa22717 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=768&h=512&f=d42b998eb4ce3fcf0b30467a2aa22717 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=600&h=400&f=ed07f469802564084f7ecd88184dc8dc 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=600&h=400&f=ed07f469802564084f7ecd88184dc8dc 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\">What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/elon-musk-spacex-chun-wang-china-crypto-doge-2043667\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Mystery Chinese Crypto Boss Paying Elon Musk a Fortune for Space Mission\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=400&h=266&f=f1cd40d0cf50ad8a0330c9fe1c4e3fdd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=400&h=266&f=f1cd40d0cf50ad8a0330c9fe1c4e3fdd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=768&h=512&f=7bb9dbe25b46f1badd4fb23293bb6086 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=768&h=512&f=7bb9dbe25b46f1badd4fb23293bb6086 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=600&h=400&f=65ed8c50bfdc4ffd154022754f017941 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=600&h=400&f=65ed8c50bfdc4ffd154022754f017941 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/elon-musk-spacex-chun-wang-china-crypto-doge-2043667\">The Mystery Chinese Crypto Boss Paying Elon Musk a Fortune for Space Mission<\/a><\/h3><\/article><\/div><\/div> <\/section><section class=\"about-writer\" data-gtm-action=\"About_The_Writer\"><h3 class=\"side-lines\">About the writer<\/h3>\n<span class=\"author\">\n<span class=\"tooltiptext\" id=\"tooltip_reporter_0\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><div class=\"writers-page\">\n<a href=\"\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">Writers Page\n<span class=\"writers-page-chevron\">\n<svg width=\"12\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M3.488 5.6.176.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L1.184 9.2H.176l3.288-5.448zm6.867 0L7.043.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L8.051 9.2H7.043l3.288-5.448z\" fill=\"#F72210\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/span>\n<a href=\" javascript:void(0); \" class=\"author-name\" rel=\"author\" data-id=\"reporter_0\"> Isabel van Brugen <\/a>\n<\/span> <br>\n<button class=\"follow-btn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">FOLLOW <\/a><\/button><div class=\"social-links\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/isabelvanbrugen\" class=\"twitter-black\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"element-invisible\">Share on Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"description-writer\">\n<span id=\"more-description\" style=\"display: none;\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><\/span>\n<span id=\"dots-description\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel ...\n<a onclick=\"toggleDescription()\" id=\"read-more-btn\">Read more<\/a>\n<\/span><\/div> <script>function toggleDescription(){var dotsDescription=document.getElementById(\"dots-description\");var moreText=document.getElementById(\"more-description\");var readMoreBtn=document.getElementById(\"read-more-btn\");if(moreText.style.display===\"none\"||moreText.style.display===\"\"){dotsDescription.style.display=\"none\";moreText.style.display=\"inline\"}else{dotsDescription.style.display=\"inline\";btnText.innerHTML=\"Read more\";readMoreBtn.style.display=\"none\"}}<\/script> <\/section><div class=\"viafoura\" id=\"vf-comment-block\">\n<vf-conversations id=\"vf-container-id-wg\" sort=\"num_likes_desc\"><\/vf-conversations><\/div><div style=\"display:none; height:0px;\"><div class=\"viafoura\" style=\"display:none\">\n<vf-tray-trigger><\/vf-tray-trigger><\/div><\/div> <script>const articleComment=document.querySelector('.article-comments');const 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{"result":{"content":"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons? - Newsweek<\/title><meta name=\"description\" content=\"Ukraine surrendered its Soviet-era nuclear stockpile more than three decades ago and experts have questioned whether Kyiv miscalculated.\" \/><link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\" \/><meta name=\"robots\" content=\"max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1\" \/><meta property=\"fb:app_id\" content=\"245537789135954\"\/><meta property=\"fb:pages\" content=\"18343191100\"\/><meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\"\/><meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Newsweek\"\/><meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\"\/><meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?\" \/><meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ukraine surrendered its Soviet-era nuclear 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Approximately 30,000 nuclear weapons were spread across Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, with Ukraine possessing nearly 1,900 strategic nuclear warheads and thousands of tactical nuclear weapons.However, three years later, Kyiv chose to denuclearize, signing the Budapest Memorandum and transferring the weapons to Russia. In exchange, Ukraine was promised security assurances from Russia, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.At the time, Ukraine's decision was widely welcomed, as it helped the country secure financial assistance from the West. But with Russia having openly violated the Budapest Memorandum—first by annexing Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, and by launching a full-scale invasion of the country in 2022—some now question whether Kyiv miscalculated the possible cost of disarmament.Would a Nuclear Ukraine Have Prevented the War?In 1993, political scientist John Mearsheimer published commentary titled \\\"The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent,\\\" arguing that a nuclear Ukraine was imperative to maintaining peace with its neighbor, Russia. Three decades on, he stands by that position.\\\"If Ukraine had kept its nuclear weapons, Russia would not have invaded in 2022,\\\" Mearsheimer, the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of Chicago, told Newsweek. \\\"Nuclear weapons are the ultimate deterrent.\\\"Mearsheimer said it would have been highly likely that Kyiv would have used its nuclear weapons to defend itself in the event of a Russian invasion, which Ukraine would have viewed as an \\\"existential threat.\\\"\\\"I think the Russians would have recognized that, and therefore would not have invaded in 2022,\\\" he said.\\\"Of course, this is why I argued that it made sense for Ukraine to keep its nuclear weapons, because I thought that in a conventional war, Ukraine stood hardly any chance of defeating the Russians,\\\" he added.Mariana Budjeryn, a senior research associate at Harvard's Belfer Center, and author of Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine, has described the current conflict as being escalated by Russia into a \\\"nuclear crisis\\\" through President Vladimir Putin's constant nuclear threats, signaling and use of intimidation.Budjeryn agreed with Mearsheimer that a fully developed Ukrainian nuclear deterrent could have dissuaded Russia from launching a large-scale invasion. However, she notes that the presence of nuclear weapons do not entirely eliminate the possibility of conflict.Border skirmishes and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, might still have happened, Budjeryn said, \\\"but this kind of large scale invasion where the very kind of survival of the country is at stake— that would have been much harder to accomplish, even for a country like Russia that has, measurably, a greater nuclear arsenal than Ukraine.\\\"She also pointed out that a nuclear-armed Ukraine would have forced a stronger and more decisive reaction from the West in 2014 to prevent possible escalation when Putin annexed the Black Sea peninsula of Crimea from Ukraine.\\\"The reaction of the Obama administration in 2014, which was just a few sanctions and not even a proper slap on the wrist for Russia, would have certainly been more robust and stern [if Ukraine had nuclear weapons] driven by the fears of proliferation,\\\" Budjeryn explained.\\\"Russia would be dissuaded from even starting a large-scale invasion because of the fear that down the road it could escalate to a nuclear threshold,\\\" Budjeryn said.Kyiv's Nuclear DilemmaBudjeryn challenged the idea that Ukraine simply surrendered its nuclear stockpile.\\\"Saying that Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal and gave it away for nothing is not exactly correct,\\\" Budjeryn said.Ukraine's nuclear weapons were designed for Soviet strategic use, meaning what Kyiv inherited was not ready to be used as a nuclear deterrent.\\\"It wasn't anything it could just grab and quickly turn around and use to deter Russia,\\\" she explained.Ukraine did have options, however, and had the capacity to turn this inheritance down the road into a fully fledged deterrent suitable for its own strategic use, much like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran.But \\\"that process would have taken time, and it would have taken investment—and time and investment in the early 90s, were the two kind of precious things that Ukraine would struggle to obtain,\\\" explained Budjeryn.\\\"Ukrainian leadership weighed costs and benefits of investing time and resources, and also its capacity to defy the international community, and withstand negative consequences that would have inevitably followed that.\\\"Mearsheimer agreed, noting that in retrospect, there was no strong internal consensus within Ukraine to keep nuclear weapons. The newly independent country was also facing colossal pressure from the U.S. and Russia to give up the nuclear weapons it had inherited from the Soviet Union.\\\"And given the state of the Ukrainian economy at the time, they didn't have much choice but to abandon those weapons or to turn those weapons back over to Russia.\\\"Could Ukraine Re-Develop Its Nuclear Capabilities?It's unlikely that Ukraine will redevelop its nuclear capabilities in the near future, Budjeryn said.\\\"If Ukraine does have money to invest in armaments, that would probably be conventional arms and means of conventional deterrence—longer range [weapons] that could keep Russian important strategic military assets under threat,\\\" added Budjeryn.Mearsheimer also dismissed the idea, adding that Russia would take extreme measures to prevent it from happening.\\\"With the passage of time, Russia's incentive to make sure Ukraine does not have nuclear weapons has only grown,\\\" he said. \\\"You want to remember that back in the early 1990s Russia and Ukraine were not mortal enemies. In fact, relations between the two countries were quite good. But today, nobody would argue that's the case.\\\"\\\"In fact, the opposite is the case…and the hatred on both sides is enormous. There's no way that the Russians would allow Ukraine to acquire nuclear weapons,\\\" he added.How Can Ukraine Defend Against Future Attacks?As potential peace talks loom, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky has been urging the West to provide his country with security guarantees.So far, these requests have been openly rejected by Trump. But U.S. Secretary of State Marco Rubio suggested in an interview with Fox News on February 26 that \\\"what Ukraine really needs is a deterrent…to make it costly for anyone to come after them again in the future.\\\"\\\"And that can be discussed, and it doesn't have to just be America. I mean, the Europeans can be involved in that,\\\" said Rubio.Mearsheimer painted a bleak picture for Ukraine's future, arguing that it has no viable deterrence strategy that Russia would accept.\\\"This is the principal reason that Ukraine wants a security guarantee from the West,\\\" he said. \\\"It understands that it can't deter Russia by itself. It needs a security guarantee from the West, and as Zelensky has made perfectly clear, that has to be a security guarantee from the United States.\\\"The Trump administration has made it clear that Ukraine is not going to get a security guarantee, said Mearsheimer, adding that Russia \\\"would not tolerate that\\\" because \\\"a Western security guarantee is de facto membership in NATO.\\\"Putin has demanded that Ukraine give up its aspirations to join the NATO military alliance.\\\"The Russians have made it unequivocally clear that Ukraine has to be neutral, and that means no security guarantee from the West, and that means that Ukraine is on its own—and Ukraine on its own, cannot come up with a viable military strategy for containing Russia or deterring Russia in a future conflict or in a future crisis.\\\"Budjeryn, however, sees an alternative. She argues that Ukraine's best defense would be a NATO-style framework—integrating Ukraine's military with European forces to a certain degree.\\\"Ukraine would have to be bolstered in terms of defense capacity in such a way as to make it prohibitive for Russia to invade again,\\\" she said.She outlined key measures, including joint military development, arms production and intelligence-sharing.\\\"With the help of European partners and other partners—it's through building up Ukrainian armed forces with Western help,\\\" she said.\\\"It's through all these operational level things that that will have to take shape and essentially integrate Ukraine, to a significant extent, into European and defense architecture,\\\" Budjeryn added.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png\",\"image\":[{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=900&q=88&f=9dce81060d6ab9824e76c478eba89d5b\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":900,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=1200&q=88&f=99b818feb86300035390173546a26003\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1200,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2605381\\\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1600&h=1600&q=88&f=76a0ac3b2d1ce3fdbcc2814ef7c2fef7\",\"width\":1600,\"height\":1600,\"caption\":\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\"}],\"alternativeHeadline\":\"What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?\",\"articleSection\":\"World\",\"author\":[{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"name\":\"Isabel van Brugen\",\"jobTitle\":\"News Reporter\",\"url\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.newsweek.com\\\/authors\\\/isabel-van-brugen\",\"email\":\"i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\",\"description\":\"Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, RussianYou can get in touch with Isabel by emailing i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen\"}],\"keywords\":[\"Russia-Ukraine War\",\"Russia\",\"Ukraine\",\"Nuclear weapons\",\"Nuclear\",\"Vladimir Putin\",\"Volodymyr Zelensky\",\"Donald Trump\",\"HP Top Stories\"],\"video\":[{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"VideoObject\",\"name\":\"Donald Trump Says He Wants to 'Get Rid' of Nuclear Weapons\",\"description\":\"President Donald Trump told reporters Thursday that he is in favor of denuclearization among global powers. It would be great if everybody would get rid of their nuclear weapons.\",\"thumbnailUrl\":[\"https:\\\/\\\/d.newsweek.com\\\/en\\\/full\\\/2602064\\\/donald-trump-says-he-wants-get.jpg?w=1280&h=720&q=88&f=fbef007505e367f81f11881b6930aa22\"],\"uploadDate\":\"2025-03-06T16:16:49-05:00\",\"duration\":\"PT1M29S\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\\\/\\\/video.newsweek.com\\\/transcoder\\\/480p\\\/3071\\\/trump-nukes-1741295653.m3u8\"}],\"isAccessibleForFree\":\"True\"}<\/script> <script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"http:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"World\",\"item\":\"https:\\\/\\\/www.newsweek.com\\\/world\"}]}<\/script> <\/head><body class=\"html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-node-2044266 node-type-article standard-article lemon fontf\" data-gtm-category=\"NWUS-ARTICLE\">\n<noscript><iframe src=\"https:\/\/www.googletagmanager.com\/ns.html?id=GTM-TVS8NW5\" height=\"0\" width=\"0\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/russia-ukraine-war\">\nRussia-Ukraine War <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/russia\">\nRussia <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/ukraine\">\nUkraine <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nuclear-weapons\">\nNuclear weapons <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nuclear\">\nNuclear <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/vladimir-putin\">\nVladimir Putin <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/volodymyr-zelensky\">\nVolodymyr Zelensky <\/a><\/li><li style=\"\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/donald-trump\">\nDonald Trump <\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/nav> <script>var links=document.querySelectorAll('.list-horizontal li 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Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><div class=\"writers-page\">\n<a href=\"\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">Writers Page\n<span class=\"writers-page-chevron\">\n<svg width=\"12\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M3.488 5.6.176.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L1.184 9.2H.176l3.288-5.448zm6.867 0L7.043.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L8.051 9.2H7.043l3.288-5.448z\" fill=\"#F72210\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/span>\n<a href=\" javascript:void(0); \" class=\"author-name\" rel=\"author\" data-id=\"reporter_0\"> Isabel van Brugen <\/a>\n<\/span><div class=\"user-title\">News Reporter<\/div><div class=\"trust-project\">\n<a href=\"\/editorial-guidelines\" target=\"_blank\" 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a leading nuclear expert has warned, telling <em>Newsweek<\/em> that the conflict, now in its fourth year, might have been prevented had Ukraine retained its Soviet-era nuclear arsenal.<\/p><h2><strong>When Did Ukraine Give Up Its Nuclear Weapons?<\/strong><\/h2><p>Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Approximately 30,000 nuclear weapons were spread across Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine, with Ukraine possessing nearly 1,900 strategic nuclear warheads and thousands of tactical nuclear weapons.<\/p><p>However, three years later, Kyiv chose to denuclearize, signing the Budapest Memorandum and transferring the weapons to Russia. In exchange, Ukraine was promised security assurances from Russia, the U.S. and the United Kingdom.<\/p><p>At the time, Ukraine's decision was widely welcomed, as it helped the country secure financial assistance from the West. But with Russia having openly violated the Budapest Memorandum—first by annexing Crimea from Ukraine in 2014, and by launching a full-scale invasion of the country in 2022—some now question whether Kyiv miscalculated the possible cost of disarmament.<\/p><figure class=\"imageBox\" style=\"\"><div class=\"innerBox ar23-innerBox\" style=\"height:0;padding-bottom:66.6667%\">\n<picture class=\"mapping-embed\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 992px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 992px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=900&f=c58b7aa8effb9c234b45d2779b45f035 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=900&f=c58b7aa8effb9c234b45d2779b45f035 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 481px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 481px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=790&f=4e9762dd957fb966fa2cc023434e3a0e 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=450&f=29dd5b29cf962fbfb4d1ff0971e0d6aa 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 0px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=450&f=29dd5b29cf962fbfb4d1ff0971e0d6aa 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=1200&f=212b78b64094f69939ccbd1c97b4bfe4\"><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"mapping-embed imgPhoto\" id=\"i2605381\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=1200&f=212b78b64094f69939ccbd1c97b4bfe4\" alt=\"Ukraine Nuclear Weapons\" width=\"1200\" height=\"800\" \/><\/picture><\/div><figcaption class=\"caption ar23-caption\">\n<span class=\"cap\" id=\"short-cap-description\">What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?<\/span>\n<span class=\"cap\" id=\"full-cap-description\" style=\"display: none;\">What if Ukraine hadn't given up its nuclear weapons?<\/span>\n<span class=\"credit ar23-credit\">Photo Illustration by Newsweek\/Getty Images<\/span>\n<\/figcaption> <script>function toggleCap(sourceEvent){const siblings=sourceEvent.parentNode.children;const shortDesc=siblings[\"short-cap-description\"];const fullDesc=siblings[\"full-cap-description\"];const readMoreBtn=sourceEvent;if(fullDesc.style.display==='none'){shortDesc.style.display='none';fullDesc.style.display='inline';readMoreBtn.textContent='Less'}else{shortDesc.style.display='inline';fullDesc.style.display='none';readMoreBtn.textContent='More'}}<\/script> <\/figure><h2><strong style=\"color: black;\">Would a Nuclear Ukraine Have Prevented the War?<\/strong><\/h2><p>In 1993, political scientist John Mearsheimer published commentary titled \"The Case for a Ukrainian Nuclear Deterrent,\" arguing that a nuclear Ukraine was imperative to maintaining peace with its neighbor, Russia. Three decades on, he stands by that position.<\/p><p>\"If Ukraine had kept its nuclear weapons, Russia would not have invaded in 2022,\" Mearsheimer, the R. Wendell Harrison Distinguished Service Professor in the Political Science Department at the University of Chicago, told <em>Newsweek<\/em>. \"Nuclear weapons are the ultimate deterrent.\"<\/p><p>Mearsheimer said it would have been highly likely that Kyiv would have used its nuclear weapons to defend itself in the event of a Russian invasion, which Ukraine would have viewed as an \"existential threat.\"<\/p><p>\"I think the Russians would have recognized that, and therefore would not have invaded in 2022,\" he said.<\/p><p>\"Of course, this is why I argued that it made sense for Ukraine to keep its nuclear weapons, because I thought that in a conventional war, Ukraine stood hardly any chance of defeating the Russians,\" he added.<\/p><p>Mariana Budjeryn, a senior research associate at Harvard's Belfer Center, and author of <em>Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine<\/em>, has described the current conflict as being escalated by Russia into a \"nuclear crisis\" through President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/vladimir-putin\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Vladimir Putin<\/a>'s constant nuclear threats, signaling and use of intimidation.<\/p><p>Budjeryn agreed with Mearsheimer that a fully developed Ukrainian nuclear deterrent could have dissuaded Russia from launching a large-scale invasion. However, she notes that the presence of nuclear weapons do not entirely eliminate the possibility of conflict.<\/p><p>Border skirmishes and the annexation of Crimea in 2014, might still have happened, Budjeryn said, \"but this kind of large scale invasion where the very kind of survival of the country is at stake— that would have been much harder to accomplish, even for a country like Russia that has, measurably, a greater nuclear arsenal than Ukraine.\"<\/p><p>She also pointed out that a nuclear-armed Ukraine would have forced a stronger and more decisive reaction from the West in 2014 to prevent possible escalation when Putin annexed the Black Sea peninsula of Crimea from Ukraine.<\/p><p>\"The reaction of the Obama administration in 2014, which was just a few sanctions and not even a proper slap on the wrist for Russia, would have certainly been more robust and stern [if Ukraine had nuclear weapons] driven by the fears of proliferation,\" Budjeryn explained.<\/p><p>\"Russia would be dissuaded from even starting a large-scale invasion because of the fear that down the road it could escalate to a nuclear threshold,\" Budjeryn said.<\/p><h2><strong>Kyiv's Nuclear Dilemma<\/strong><\/h2><p>Budjeryn challenged the idea that Ukraine simply surrendered its nuclear stockpile.<\/p><p>\"Saying that Ukraine inherited the world's third-largest nuclear arsenal and gave it away for nothing is not exactly correct,\" Budjeryn said<em>.<\/em><\/p><p>Ukraine's nuclear weapons were designed for Soviet strategic use, meaning what Kyiv inherited was not ready to be used as a nuclear deterrent.<\/p><p>\"It wasn't anything it could just grab and quickly turn around and use to deter Russia,\" she explained.<\/p><p>Ukraine did have options, however, and had the capacity to turn this inheritance down the road into a fully fledged deterrent suitable for its own strategic use, much like Pakistan, North Korea and Iran.<\/p><p>But \"that process would have taken time, and it would have taken investment—and time and investment in the early 90s, were the two kind of precious things that Ukraine would struggle to obtain,\" explained Budjeryn.<\/p><p>\"Ukrainian leadership weighed costs and benefits of investing time and resources, and also its capacity to defy the international community, and withstand negative consequences that would have inevitably followed that.\"<\/p><p>Mearsheimer agreed, noting that in retrospect, there was no strong internal consensus within Ukraine to keep nuclear weapons. The newly independent country was also facing colossal pressure from the U.S. and Russia to give up the nuclear weapons it had inherited from the Soviet Union.<\/p><p>\"And given the state of the Ukrainian economy at the time, they didn't have much choice but to abandon those weapons or to turn those weapons back over to Russia.\"<\/p><h2><strong>Could Ukraine Re-Develop Its Nuclear Capabilities?<\/strong><\/h2><p>It's unlikely that Ukraine will redevelop its nuclear capabilities in the near future, Budjeryn said.<\/p><p>\"If Ukraine does have money to invest in armaments, that would probably be conventional arms and means of conventional deterrence—longer range [weapons] that could keep Russian important strategic military assets under threat,\" added Budjeryn.<\/p><p>Mearsheimer also dismissed the idea, adding that Russia would take extreme measures to prevent it from happening.<\/p><p>\"With the passage of time, Russia's incentive to make sure Ukraine does not have nuclear weapons has only grown,\" he said. \"You want to remember that back in the early 1990s Russia and Ukraine were not mortal enemies. In fact, relations between the two countries were quite good. But today, nobody would argue that's the case.\"<\/p><p>\"In fact, the opposite is the case…and the hatred on both sides is enormous. There's no way that the Russians would allow Ukraine to acquire nuclear weapons,\" he added.<\/p><h2><strong>How Can Ukraine Defend Against Future Attacks?<\/strong><\/h2><p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/russia-offering-no-concessions-ukraine-peace-talks-trump-isw-2042669\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" class=\"multivariate\">As potential peace talks loom<\/a>, Ukrainian President <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/volodymyr-zelensky\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Volodymyr Zelensky<\/a> has been urging the West to provide his country with security guarantees.<\/p><p>So far, these requests have been openly rejected by Trump. But U.S. Secretary of State <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/marco-rubio\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Marco Rubio<\/a> suggested in an interview with <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/fox-news\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">Fox News<\/a> on February 26 that \"what Ukraine really needs is a deterrent…to make it costly for anyone to come after them again in the future.\"<\/p><p>\"And that can be discussed, and it doesn't have to just be America. I mean, the Europeans can be involved in that,\" said Rubio.<\/p><p>Mearsheimer painted a bleak picture for Ukraine's future, arguing that it has no viable deterrence strategy that Russia would accept.<\/p><p>\"This is the principal reason that Ukraine wants a security guarantee from the West,\" he said. \"It understands that it can't deter Russia by itself. It needs a security guarantee from the West, and as Zelensky has made perfectly clear, that has to be a security guarantee from the United States.\"<\/p><p>The Trump administration has made it clear that Ukraine is not going to get a security guarantee, said Mearsheimer, adding that Russia \"would not tolerate that\" because \"a Western security guarantee is de facto membership in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/topic\/nato\" data-sys=\"1\" class=\"multivariate\">NATO<\/a>.\"<\/p><p>Putin has demanded that Ukraine give up its aspirations to join the NATO military alliance.<\/p><p>\"The Russians have made it unequivocally clear that Ukraine has to be neutral, and that means no security guarantee from the West, and that means that Ukraine is on its own—and Ukraine on its own, cannot come up with a viable military strategy for containing Russia or deterring Russia in a future conflict or in a future crisis.\"<\/p><p>Budjeryn, however, sees an alternative. She argues that Ukraine's best defense would be a NATO-style framework—integrating Ukraine's military with European forces to a certain degree.<\/p><p>\"Ukraine would have to be bolstered in terms of defense capacity in such a way as to make it prohibitive for Russia to invade again,\" she said.<\/p><p>She outlined key measures, including joint military development, arms production and intelligence-sharing.<\/p><p>\"With the help of European partners and other partners—it's through building up Ukrainian armed forces with Western help,\" she said.<\/p><p>\"It's through all these operational level things that that will have to take shape and essentially integrate Ukraine, to a significant extent, into European and defense architecture,\" Budjeryn added.<\/p> <script>doFir.push(function(){document.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\",function(event){let uncommonKnowledgeItems=document.querySelectorAll('.uncommon-list');if(uncommonKnowledgeItems.length>0){let 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src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607086\/jd-vance.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/jd-vance-booed-kennedy-center-2044671\">Videos of JD Vance Being Booed at Kennedy Center Go Viral<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/trump-tariffs-stupid-france-equal-response-2044669\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"French Minister Slams Trump's 'Stupid' Tariffs, Threatens 'Equal' Response\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=400&h=266&f=96ea013a804dbc42744a1b3820e09feb 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=400&h=266&f=96ea013a804dbc42744a1b3820e09feb 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=768&h=512&f=0be1922581978ee176233c6c6e9befbd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=768&h=512&f=0be1922581978ee176233c6c6e9befbd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp?w=600&h=400&f=65ae076542139096b3100fa9a6d99a61 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg?w=600&h=400&f=65ae076542139096b3100fa9a6d99a61 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2607091\/us-president-donald-trump-oval-office.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/trump-tariffs-stupid-france-equal-response-2044669\">French Minister Slams Trump's 'Stupid' Tariffs, Threatens 'Equal' Response<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=400&h=266&f=8ef43f366d5220026755739a563b3553 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=400&h=266&f=8ef43f366d5220026755739a563b3553 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=768&h=512&f=d42b998eb4ce3fcf0b30467a2aa22717 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=768&h=512&f=d42b998eb4ce3fcf0b30467a2aa22717 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp?w=600&h=400&f=ed07f469802564084f7ecd88184dc8dc 1x\"><source type=\"image\/png\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png?w=600&h=400&f=ed07f469802564084f7ecd88184dc8dc 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2605381\/ukraine-nuclear-weapons.png\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/ukraine-give-nuclear-weapons-russia-war-2044266\">What If Ukraine Hadn't Given Up Its Nuclear Weapons?<\/a><\/h3><\/article>\n<article class=\"article-card\"><div class=\"article-card--image\">\n<a href=\"\/elon-musk-spacex-chun-wang-china-crypto-doge-2043667\" role=\"img\" aria-label=\"The Mystery Chinese Crypto Boss Paying Elon Musk a Fortune for Space Mission\">\n<picture>\n<source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=400&h=266&f=f1cd40d0cf50ad8a0330c9fe1c4e3fdd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 400px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=400&h=266&f=f1cd40d0cf50ad8a0330c9fe1c4e3fdd 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=768&h=512&f=7bb9dbe25b46f1badd4fb23293bb6086 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(max-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=768&h=512&f=7bb9dbe25b46f1badd4fb23293bb6086 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp?w=600&h=400&f=65ed8c50bfdc4ffd154022754f017941 1x\"><source type=\"image\/jpeg\" media=\"(min-width: 768px)\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg?w=600&h=400&f=65ed8c50bfdc4ffd154022754f017941 1x\"><source type=\"image\/webp\" srcset=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.webp\"> <img alt=\"\" class=\"article-img \" loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/d.newsweek.com\/en\/full\/2606642\/fram2-crew-training-suits-spacex.jpg\" \/>\n<\/picture>\n<\/a><\/div><h3 class=\"news-title\">\n<a href=\"\/elon-musk-spacex-chun-wang-china-crypto-doge-2043667\">The Mystery Chinese Crypto Boss Paying Elon Musk a Fortune for Space Mission<\/a><\/h3><\/article><\/div><\/div> <\/section><section class=\"about-writer\" data-gtm-action=\"About_The_Writer\"><h3 class=\"side-lines\">About the writer<\/h3>\n<span class=\"author\">\n<span class=\"tooltiptext\" id=\"tooltip_reporter_0\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><div class=\"writers-page\">\n<a href=\"\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">Writers Page\n<span class=\"writers-page-chevron\">\n<svg width=\"12\" height=\"10\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 10\" fill=\"none\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\">\n<path d=\"M3.488 5.6.176.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L1.184 9.2H.176l3.288-5.448zm6.867 0L7.043.08h1.008l3.504 4.104v.912L8.051 9.2H7.043l3.288-5.448z\" fill=\"#F72210\"><\/path>\n<\/svg>\n<\/span>\n<\/a><\/div>\n<\/span>\n<a href=\" javascript:void(0); \" class=\"author-name\" rel=\"author\" data-id=\"reporter_0\"> Isabel van Brugen <\/a>\n<\/span> <br>\n<button class=\"follow-btn\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.newsweek.com\/authors\/isabel-van-brugen\">FOLLOW <\/a><\/button><div class=\"social-links\">\n<a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/isabelvanbrugen\" class=\"twitter-black\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\" target=\"_blank\"><span class=\"element-invisible\">Share on Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class=\"description-writer\">\n<span id=\"more-description\" style=\"display: none;\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel joined Newsweek in 2021 and had previously worked with news outlets including the Daily Express, The Times, Harper's BAZAAR, and Grazia. She has an M.A. in Newspaper Journalism at City, University of London, and a B.A. in Russian language at Queen Mary, University of London. Languages: English, Russian<br><\/p><p><br><\/p><p>You can get in touch with Isabel by emailing <a href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\" target=\"_blank\" data-mce-href=\"mailto:i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com\">i.vanbrugen@newsweek.com<\/a> or by following her on X @isabelvanbrugen<\/p><\/span>\n<span id=\"dots-description\"><p>Isabel van Brugen is a Newsweek Reporter based in Kuala Lumpur. Her focus is reporting on the Russia-Ukraine war. Isabel ...\n<a onclick=\"toggleDescription()\" id=\"read-more-btn\">Read more<\/a>\n<\/span><\/div> <script>function toggleDescription(){var dotsDescription=document.getElementById(\"dots-description\");var moreText=document.getElementById(\"more-description\");var readMoreBtn=document.getElementById(\"read-more-btn\");if(moreText.style.display===\"none\"||moreText.style.display===\"\"){dotsDescription.style.display=\"none\";moreText.style.display=\"inline\"}else{dotsDescription.style.display=\"inline\";btnText.innerHTML=\"Read more\";readMoreBtn.style.display=\"none\"}}<\/script> <\/section><div class=\"viafoura\" id=\"vf-comment-block\">\n<vf-conversations id=\"vf-container-id-wg\" sort=\"num_likes_desc\"><\/vf-conversations><\/div><div style=\"display:none; height:0px;\"><div class=\"viafoura\" style=\"display:none\">\n<vf-tray-trigger><\/vf-tray-trigger><\/div><\/div> <script>const articleComment=document.querySelector('.article-comments');const 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