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L52.6469157,22.0797177 L52.6469157,17.2209385 Z M15.8775714,17.2209385 C18.1129054,17.2209385 19.2307946,18.0434943 19.2307946,19.6881614 C19.2307946,20.4602728 18.9370167,21.0518285 18.3496832,21.4629397 C17.7622386,21.8743843 16.9216828,22.0797177 15.8286825,22.0797177 L15.8286825,22.0797177 L12.6469038,22.0797177 L12.6469038,17.2209385 Z M55.412572,9.92028073 C57.3541282,9.92028073 58.3252396,10.6338365 58.3252396,12.0600591 C58.3252396,12.7988371 58.0763506,13.373504 57.5786838,13.7846152 C57.0807948,14.1960598 56.3587946,14.4013932 55.412572,14.4013932 L55.412572,14.4013932 L52.6469046,14.4013932 L52.6469046,9.92028073 Z M15.4125601,9.92028073 C17.3541163,9.92028073 18.3252277,10.6338365 18.3252277,12.0600591 C18.3252277,12.7988371 18.0762276,13.373504 17.5786719,13.7846152 C17.0807829,14.1960598 16.3587826,14.4013932 15.4125601,14.4013932 L15.4125601,14.4013932 L12.6468927,14.4013932 L12.6468927,9.92028073 Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-d6c9e5b8-7 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tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/section><\/nav><noscript><details class=\"sc-c8fbcff-0 jLNykE\"><summary class=\"sc-c8fbcff-2 glQTWZ\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"list-view-text\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M1 7.5h30V1.9H1v5.6zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1v5.6zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1v5.6z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 kPEgTc\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/home\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Home<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/topics\/c2vdnvdg6xxt\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Israel-Gaza War<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/war-in-ukraine\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">War in Ukraine<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. 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Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" 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class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Travel<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/travel\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Earth<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Audio<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/audio\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/video\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Video<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Live<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/live\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\">Weather<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">Pads, pants or cups: Which period product is the most climate-friendly?<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-06T10:00:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">14 minutes ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" 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13.0881C10.661 13.0881 11.5852 12.1639 11.5852 11.036C11.5852 9.89268 10.661 8.96851 9.51768 8.96851\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Share<\/span><\/button><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 iQJDhl cCYQUA kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"byline-new-contributors\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB\"><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Ana Santi<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 2.60893C11.5852 1.46518 10.661 0.541016 9.51768 0.541016C8.38977 0.541016 7.4656 1.46518 7.4656 2.60893C7.4656 2.78727 7.49602 2.95768 7.53935 3.12352L3.70727 5.37643C3.33143 4.98477 2.80477 4.73935 2.2181 4.73935C1.09018 4.73935 0.166016 5.6631 0.166016 6.80685C0.166016 7.93476 1.09018 8.85851 2.2181 8.85851C2.8006 8.85851 3.32435 8.61726 3.69977 8.23268L7.54602 10.4943C7.49893 10.6681 7.4656 10.8473 7.4656 11.036C7.4656 12.1639 8.38977 13.0881 9.51768 13.0881C10.661 13.0881 11.5852 12.1639 11.5852 11.036C11.5852 9.89268 10.661 8.96851 9.51768 8.96851\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Share<\/span><\/button><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Save\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 iQJDhl cCYQUA kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Getty Images A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"twenty-billion-disposable-menstrual-products-are-discarded-each-year-in-the-us.-there's-a-huge-array-of-reusable-options,-from-pads-to-pants-to-menstrual-cups.-ana-santi-explores-which-is-the-most-sustainable-and-how-safe-they-are.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">And still, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone<\/a>. In the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling\/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste<\/a>. Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">which can contain up to 90% plastic<\/a> and end up largely in landfill \u2013<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">are <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">the most commonly used menstrual product<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Given that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wash\/menstrual-hygiene#:~:text=Every%20month%2C%201.8%20billion%20people%20across%20the%20world%20menstruate.\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">1.8 billion people across the world menstruate<\/a> every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666789422000277#bib2\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products<\/a> across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/health-51822988\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">menstrual cups<\/a>, which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">20-30ml (around two tablespoons)<\/a> of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(19)30111-2\/fulltext\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">can last up to 10 years<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-11833685\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">global warming potential<\/a> and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts," explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">yield<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> of organic farming is lower than conventional farming<\/a>, meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. "For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c785l1nrpd1o\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">quite a large global warming impact<\/a>," says Douziech. "With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. "Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts," says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0143720819320431?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">washing at lower temperatures<\/a> and as part of a full load.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Prior to this report, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lifecycleinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UNEP-LCI-Single-use-vs-reusable-Menstrual-Products-Meta-study.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">an analysis of several life-cycle analyses<\/a> comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. "Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332222001403#bib59\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">carbon sink<\/a>," she says. "In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241231-seven-proven-ways-to-help-the-planet\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241107-plastic-bamboo-or-electric-toothbrush-which-is-the-more-sustainable\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20240528-buying-groceries-in-bulk-is-better-for-the-planet\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Is it better to buy in bulk?<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. "It's quite rare for this to happen to a product," Notten says. "It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?" Notten says. "For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. "No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible," says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. "This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product," says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. "Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But recent reports have warned of <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup<\/a>,<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/content\/18\/2\/e262035\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> with one woman developing temporary kidney problems<\/a> and some women suffering from <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-51805689\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">pelvic organ prolapse<\/a>. Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. "In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections," she says. "If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. "We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product," Malik says.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint \u2013 Philippa Notten<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/newsbeat-68563763\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">period poverty<\/a>, environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catalangovernment.eu\/catalangovernment\/news\/586202\/the-universal-and-free-distribution-of-reusable-menstrual-products-begins-in-all-pharmacies-in-catalonia-promoted-by-the-ministry-of-equality-and-feminisms\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia <\/a>as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Among the network's concerns is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons<\/a>, and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.which.co.uk\/policy-and-insight\/article\/some-popular-period-pants-contain-unnecessarily-high-levels-of-silver-which-warns-aFFwv6E0Sb8r\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a report by Which?<\/a>, a UK consumer magazine, which found "unnecessarily high levels of silver" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412020303494\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment<\/a>, with innovation happening faster than regulation. "[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers," she says. "A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/circular-economy\/eu-ecolabel_en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">EU Ecolabel<\/a> criteria for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2023_234_R_0006&qid=1695364426290\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups<\/a>, awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Nordic Swan Ecolabel<\/a>, which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">consultation<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> period to revise the criteria of its <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sanitary<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> products<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.saferstates.org\/press-room\/first-ever-ban-on-multiple-toxic-chemicals-in-menstrual-products-signed-by-vermont-governor\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">new law to ban the "forever chemicals" PFAs <\/a>in menstrual products, while <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/meng.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/meng-introduces-bill-require-national-institutes-health-study-make\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a bill<\/a>\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. "Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators," Gerner says. "The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">first study on metal levels in tampons<\/a> was only published last year."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. "This would need to be investigated further."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. "And that is a great solution," says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. "Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. You will still be making a difference."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-essential-climate-news-and-hopeful-developments-to-your-inbox,-sign-up-to-the\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For essential climate news and hopeful developments to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/FutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned&&\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"future-earth-newsletter,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"future-earth-newsletter,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">Future Earth newsletter,<\/i><\/b><\/a><i id=\"while\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 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gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kgbhr9\/raja-the-elephant-asking-for-a-road-toll\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Roger the elephant asking for a road toll\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Raja the elephant asking for a road toll<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In Sri Lanka, a charming elephant cheekily halts traffic for treats.\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">29 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kg9vy3\/inside-the-hidden-world-of-rhino-romance\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the hidden world of rhino romance\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the hidden world of rhino romance<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch two rhinoceroses involved in a game of 'kiss and chase'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">24 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5x08\/the-power-of-hugs-for-reducing-inflammation-in-the-body\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprising health benefit of hugs\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The power of hugs for reducing inflammation in the body<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Dr. Lisa Dahlgren discusses the effect human touch has on our health and wellbeing.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Health<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kgb8bw\/a-mother-tiger-on-a-fierce-hunt-to-feed-her-cubs\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mother tiger hunts to feed her grown-up cubs\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">A mother tiger on a fierce hunt to feed her cubs<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">While her three offspring take a leisurely bath, this Bengal tiger mother must find food for the entire family.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">16 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kg9pkz\/how-foxes-outsmart-world-s-heaviest-raptor-in-quest-for-food\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"How foxes outsmart birds in the quest for food\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">How foxes outsmart world's heaviest raptor in quest for food<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch red foxes challenge the Steller's sea eagle, the world's heaviest raptor, as they search for food in Japan.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">8 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kfz5wq\/mum-saves-baby-seal-with-a-clever-trick\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A baby seal saved by its mum\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mum saves baby seal with a clever trick<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch as David Attenborough reveals the unique behaviour of a mother seal to protect her pup in icy waters.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">31 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kcdnx2\/mountain-goats-a-death-defying-battle-to-mate\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A death-defying battle for mating\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mountain goats: A death-defying battle to mate<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch the world's largest species of goat fight for the right to mate, teetering on the edge of perilous drops.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kbdxh2\/the-near-miraculous-escape-of-a-cave-swift\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A near miraculous escape\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The near miraculous escape of a cave swift<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Tam Nam Lod Cave is home to over a quarter of a million swifts. But there are hidden dangers.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k6x6lp\/meet-the-mudskipper-the-remarkable-fish-that-lives-on-land\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that live on land\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that lives on land<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The mudskipper is a fish that can leap with a flick of its tail. Watch a particularly agile specimen in action.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k74hwb\/watch-the-dramatic-escape-of-tiny-fish-from-deadly-sharks\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"How a tiny fish escapes shark\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Watch the dramatic escape of tiny fish from deadly sharks<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Moorish idol, a\u00a0dramatic little fish with dazzling stripes, adopts a clever strategy to save its life.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">27 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4y1h6\/who-should-pick-up-the-bill-for-climate-damage-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images 1428235915\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Talking about who is responsible for climate destruction is a fraught topic, how do we work out what is fair?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">15 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jt8x5z\/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why our planet's crust has tides too\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth tides: Why our planet's crust has tides too<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How do they differ from the ocean? A geophysicist breaks it down for us.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">28 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Weather & science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jrhh0p\/iceland-s-high-tech-farm-turning-algae-into-food\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Vertical farm\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Iceland's high-tech farm turning algae into food<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A facility near the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik, is using innovative farming technology to grow algae.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">20 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jl86q8\/inside-the-world-s-largest-hurricane-simulator\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Watch an indoor hurricane\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the world's largest hurricane simulator<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">At the University of Miami, a large indoor air-sea interaction test facility measures the impact of storms.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">27 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jkkyc6\/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0cj109h\/the-deadly-plants-hiding-in-your-garden\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0chx468.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"B5 X2 WA\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The deadly plants hiding in your garden<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Poison Garden at the Alnwick Garden has\u00a0around 100 toxic, intoxicating, and narcotic plants.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">20 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Nature<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jgsff2\/the-scientists-drilling-into-an-active-icelandic-volcano\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The scientists drilling into an anctive Icelandic volcano\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The scientists drilling into an active Icelandic volcano<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Scientists are preparing to drill into the rock of an Icelandic volcano to learn more about how volcanoes behave.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0cjxx9x\/earth-s-spectacular-and-remote-capital-of-lightning\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Catatumbo lightning\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth's spectacular and remote 'capital' of lightning<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">With storms occurring between 140 to 160 nights a year, it's no wonder the area is a world record holder.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">World of wonder<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jg7gxh\/less-is-more-can-degrowth-save-the-world-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The degrowth movement questions the feasibility of the idea of endless economic growth on a finite planet.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Business<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jfr9y6\/why-is-the-seine-only-kind-of-clean-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Despite big investments, the river is still unsafe after heavy rains.\u00a0Did all the money go down the drain?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">1 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c3e4nlxlq08o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">33 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Air source heat pump being installed into a 1930's built house on the 29th of November 2024 near Ashford United Kingdom.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">UK homes install subsidised heat pumps at record level<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Government-backed heat pump installations in the UK reached record levels for 2024.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">33 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Climate<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c8rkyk7rglpo\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">54 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Three women doctors sit on chairs smiling and chatting. \" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">More women doctors than men for first time in UK<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">A driving factor is the rising number of women joining medical schools, the General Medical Council says.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">54 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Health<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/videos\/c4ged1z2702o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-video\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Children's author Michael Rosen, a white man with white hair and beard sat in a purple chair on a hospital ward reading to children and other young people.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 fzrxhk\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Hospital libraries are helping to support children<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Author Michael Rosen has been reading to children as a new library is unveiled at Evelina London.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">London<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c93nk39xzw3o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Woman in a mostly white uniform with blue trim in a hospital ward. She has a stethoscope round her neck.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Mental health complainants fear reprisals - study<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Study finds mental health patients are reluctant to complain about abuse for fear of staff revenge.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Beds, Herts & Bucks<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c04zdek0z04o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">5 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Robert on a golf course, smiling and looking at the camera, wearing a dark jumper with a pink top, with a grey heard and wearing a grey cap. There is grass all around him. \" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">'Appearing in an NHS campaign saved my life'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Actor Robert McCafferty says he knew the "subtle symptoms" of a heart attack before he suffered one.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">5 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Beds, Herts & Bucks<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"future\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pads, pants or cups: Which period product is the most climate-friendly?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741255200000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"future\/author\/ana-santi\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Ana Santi\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Ana Santi\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741255200000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k3z.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And still, 49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone. In the US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste. Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 which can contain up to 90% plastic and end up largely in landfill \u2013are the most commonly used menstrual product.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And still, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". In the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling\/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"which can contain up to 90% plastic\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"which can contain up to 90% plastic\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and end up largely in landfill \u2013\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"are \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"are \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the most commonly used menstrual product\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the most commonly used menstrual product\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Given that 1.8 billion people across the world menstruate every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and menstrual cups, which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold 20-30ml (around two tablespoons) of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Given that \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1.8 billion people across the world menstruate\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wash\/menstrual-hygiene#:~:text=Every%20month%2C%201.8%20billion%20people%20across%20the%20world%20menstruate.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1.8 billion people across the world menstruate\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666789422000277#bib2\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"menstrual cups\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/health-51822988\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"menstrual cups\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"20-30ml (around two tablespoons)\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"20-30ml (around two tablespoons)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup can last up to 10 years.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can last up to 10 years\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(19)30111-2\/fulltext\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can last up to 10 years\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for global warming potential and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"global warming potential\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-11833685\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"global warming potential\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts,\\\" explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. The yield of organic farming is lower than conventional farming, meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts,\\\" explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"yield\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"yield\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of organic farming is lower than conventional farming\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of organic farming is lower than conventional farming\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k6p.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. \\\"For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have quite a large global warming impact,\\\" says Douziech. \\\"With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. \\\"For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"quite a large global warming impact\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c785l1nrpd1o\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"quite a large global warming impact\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" says Douziech. \\\"With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. \\\"Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts,\\\" says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as washing at lower temperatures and as part of a full load.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. \\\"Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts,\\\" says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"washing at lower temperatures\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0143720819320431?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"washing at lower temperatures\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and as part of a full load.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prior to this report, an analysis of several life-cycle analyses comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. \\\"Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a carbon sink,\\\" she says. \\\"In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prior to this report, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"an analysis of several life-cycle analyses\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lifecycleinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UNEP-LCI-Single-use-vs-reusable-Menstrual-Products-Meta-study.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"an analysis of several life-cycle analyses\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. \\\"Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carbon sink\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332222001403#bib59\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carbon sink\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" she says. \\\"In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241231-seven-proven-ways-to-help-the-planet\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241107-plastic-bamboo-or-electric-toothbrush-which-is-the-more-sustainable\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20240528-buying-groceries-in-bulk-is-better-for-the-planet\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. \\\"It's quite rare for this to happen to a product,\\\" Notten says. \\\"It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. \\\"It's quite rare for this to happen to a product,\\\" Notten says. \\\"It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?\\\" Notten says. \\\"For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?\\\" Notten says. \\\"For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. \\\"No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible,\\\" says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. \\\"No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible,\\\" says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. \\\"This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. \\\"This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k7b.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But recent reports have warned of the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup, with one woman developing temporary kidney problems and some women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse. Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. \\\"In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections,\\\" she says. \\\"If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But recent reports have warned of \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" with one woman developing temporary kidney problems\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/content\/18\/2\/e262035\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" with one woman developing temporary kidney problems\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and some women suffering from \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"pelvic organ prolapse\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-51805689\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"pelvic organ prolapse\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. \\\"In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections,\\\" she says. \\\"If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. \\\"We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product,\\\" Malik says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. \\\"We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product,\\\" Malik says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint \u2013 Philippa Notten\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat period poverty, environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"period poverty\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/newsbeat-68563763\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"period poverty\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/catalangovernment.eu\/catalangovernment\/news\/586202\/the-universal-and-free-distribution-of-reusable-menstrual-products-begins-in-all-pharmacies-in-catalonia-promoted-by-the-ministry-of-equality-and-feminisms\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among the network's concerns is a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons, and a report by Which?, a UK consumer magazine, which found \\\"unnecessarily high levels of silver\\\" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among the network's concerns is \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a report by Which?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.which.co.uk\/policy-and-insight\/article\/some-popular-period-pants-contain-unnecessarily-high-levels-of-silver-which-warns-aFFwv6E0Sb8r\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a report by Which?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", a UK consumer magazine, which found \\\"unnecessarily high levels of silver\\\" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment, with innovation happening faster than regulation. \\\"[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers,\\\" she says. \\\"A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412020303494\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", with innovation happening faster than regulation. \\\"[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers,\\\" she says. \\\"A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new EU Ecolabel criteria for absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups, awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the Nordic Swan Ecolabel, which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a consultation period to revise the criteria of its sanitary products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"EU Ecolabel\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/circular-economy\/eu-ecolabel_en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"EU Ecolabel\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" criteria for \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2023_234_R_0006\\u0026qid=1695364426290\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nordic Swan Ecolabel\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nordic Swan Ecolabel\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"consultation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"consultation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" period to revise the criteria of its \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" period to revise the criteria of its \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sanitary\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sanitary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" products\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" products\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k8m.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs in menstrual products, while a bill\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.saferstates.org\/press-room\/first-ever-ban-on-multiple-toxic-chemicals-in-menstrual-products-signed-by-vermont-governor\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"in menstrual products, while \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a bill\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/meng.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/meng-introduces-bill-require-national-institutes-health-study-make\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a bill\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. \\\"Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators,\\\" Gerner says. \\\"The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the first study on metal levels in tampons was only published last year.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. \\\"Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators,\\\" Gerner says. \\\"The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"first study on metal levels in tampons\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"first study on metal levels in tampons\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" was only published last year.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. \\\"This would need to be investigated further.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. \\\"This would need to be investigated further.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. \\\"And that is a great solution,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. You will still be making a difference.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. \\\"And that is a great solution,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. You will still be making a difference.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For essential climate news and hopeful developments to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0Future Earth newsletter,\u00a0while\u00a0The Essential List\u00a0delivers a handpicked selection of features and insights twice a week.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For essential climate news and hopeful developments to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Future Earth 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data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 kkeorx\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/audio\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/video\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/div><\/li><li data-testid=\"mainNavigationItemStyled\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-3 cHJCBW\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/live\" data-testid=\"mainNavigationLink\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/section><\/nav><noscript><details class=\"sc-c8fbcff-0 jLNykE\"><summary class=\"sc-c8fbcff-2 glQTWZ\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"20\" height=\"20\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"list-view-text\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M1 7.5h30V1.9H1v5.6zm0 22.6h30v-5.6H1v5.6zm0-11.3h30v-5.6H1v5.6z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/summary><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 kPEgTc\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/home\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Home<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/topics\/c2vdnvdg6xxt\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Israel-Gaza War<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/war-in-ukraine\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">War in Ukraine<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\/northern_ireland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" value=\"\"\/><button type=\"button\" data-testid=\"search-input-search-button\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-3 hsIsEs hCTSNW\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 beCbGD\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"search\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5 2.9-2.9zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1c0 5.2-3.9 9.1-9 9.1s-9-3.9-9-9.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-7 xKITv\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" 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data-testid=\"byline-new-contributors\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-12 fcCDwR\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-5 evAEAB\"><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Ana Santi<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 7.00185 4.2856 6.80685C4.2856 6.61102 4.24977 6.42518 4.19893 6.2456L8.06143 4.04935C8.43393 4.42602 8.94977 4.66102 9.51768 4.66102C10.661 4.66102 11.5852 3.73643 11.5852 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icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 ejjhCR\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Getty Images A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"twenty-billion-disposable-menstrual-products-are-discarded-each-year-in-the-us.-there's-a-huge-array-of-reusable-options,-from-pads-to-pants-to-menstrual-cups.-ana-santi-explores-which-is-the-most-sustainable-and-how-safe-they-are.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">And still, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone<\/a>. In the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling\/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste<\/a>. Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">which can contain up to 90% plastic<\/a> and end up largely in landfill \u2013<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">are <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">the most commonly used menstrual product<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Given that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wash\/menstrual-hygiene#:~:text=Every%20month%2C%201.8%20billion%20people%20across%20the%20world%20menstruate.\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">1.8 billion people across the world menstruate<\/a> every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666789422000277#bib2\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products<\/a> across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/health-51822988\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">menstrual cups<\/a>, which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">20-30ml (around two tablespoons)<\/a> of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(19)30111-2\/fulltext\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">can last up to 10 years<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-11833685\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">global warming potential<\/a> and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts," explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">The <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">yield<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> of organic farming is lower than conventional farming<\/a>, meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k6p.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. "For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c785l1nrpd1o\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">quite a large global warming impact<\/a>," says Douziech. "With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. "Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts," says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0143720819320431?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">washing at lower temperatures<\/a> and as part of a full load.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Prior to this report, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lifecycleinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UNEP-LCI-Single-use-vs-reusable-Menstrual-Products-Meta-study.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">an analysis of several life-cycle analyses<\/a> comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. "Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332222001403#bib59\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">carbon sink<\/a>," she says. "In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241231-seven-proven-ways-to-help-the-planet\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241107-plastic-bamboo-or-electric-toothbrush-which-is-the-more-sustainable\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener<\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><\/a>\u2022 <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20240528-buying-groceries-in-bulk-is-better-for-the-planet\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Is it better to buy in bulk?<\/a><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. "It's quite rare for this to happen to a product," Notten says. "It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?" Notten says. "For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. "No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible," says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. "This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product," says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. "Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k7b.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But recent reports have warned of <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup<\/a>,<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/content\/18\/2\/e262035\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> with one woman developing temporary kidney problems<\/a> and some women suffering from <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-51805689\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">pelvic organ prolapse<\/a>. Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. "In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections," she says. "If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. "We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product," Malik says.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint \u2013 Philippa Notten<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/newsbeat-68563763\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">period poverty<\/a>, environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/catalangovernment.eu\/catalangovernment\/news\/586202\/the-universal-and-free-distribution-of-reusable-menstrual-products-begins-in-all-pharmacies-in-catalonia-promoted-by-the-ministry-of-equality-and-feminisms\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia <\/a>as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Among the network's concerns is <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons<\/a>, and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.which.co.uk\/policy-and-insight\/article\/some-popular-period-pants-contain-unnecessarily-high-levels-of-silver-which-warns-aFFwv6E0Sb8r\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a report by Which?<\/a>, a UK consumer magazine, which found "unnecessarily high levels of silver" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412020303494\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment<\/a>, with innovation happening faster than regulation. "[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers," she says. "A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/circular-economy\/eu-ecolabel_en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">EU Ecolabel<\/a> criteria for <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2023_234_R_0006&qid=1695364426290\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups<\/a>, awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Nordic Swan Ecolabel<\/a>, which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">consultation<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> period to revise the criteria of its <\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sanitary<\/a><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"> products<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kw8k8m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.saferstates.org\/press-room\/first-ever-ban-on-multiple-toxic-chemicals-in-menstrual-products-signed-by-vermont-governor\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">new law to ban the "forever chemicals" PFAs <\/a>in menstrual products, while <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/meng.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/meng-introduces-bill-require-national-institutes-health-study-make\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a bill<\/a>\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. "Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators," Gerner says. "The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">first study on metal levels in tampons<\/a> was only published last year."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. "This would need to be investigated further."\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. "And that is a great solution," says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. "Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. You will still be making a difference."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"for-essential-climate-news-and-hopeful-developments-to-your-inbox,-sign-up-to-the\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">For essential climate news and hopeful developments to your inbox, sign up to the\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/FutureEarth_Newsletter_Signup?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=futurearticle&at_campaign=futureearth&at_campaign_type=owned&&\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"future-earth-newsletter,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\"><i id=\"future-earth-newsletter,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">Future Earth newsletter,<\/i><\/b><\/a><i id=\"while\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 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gwUgXL\">Pollution<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/climate-solutions\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Climate solutions<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/health\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Health<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/gender\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Gender<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/plastics\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Plastics<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/earth\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Earth<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kgbhr9\/raja-the-elephant-asking-for-a-road-toll\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kmn3fl.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Roger the elephant asking for a road toll\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Raja the elephant asking for a road toll<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In Sri Lanka, a charming elephant cheekily halts traffic for treats.\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">29 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kg9vy3\/inside-the-hidden-world-of-rhino-romance\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0klpfx9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the hidden world of rhino romance\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the hidden world of rhino romance<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch two rhinoceroses involved in a game of 'kiss and chase'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">24 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5x08\/the-power-of-hugs-for-reducing-inflammation-in-the-body\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kl622m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprising health benefit of hugs\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The power of hugs for reducing inflammation in the body<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Dr. Lisa Dahlgren discusses the effect human touch has on our health and wellbeing.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Health<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kgb8bw\/a-mother-tiger-on-a-fierce-hunt-to-feed-her-cubs\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kjwjj4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mother tiger hunts to feed her grown-up cubs\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">A mother tiger on a fierce hunt to feed her cubs<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">While her three offspring take a leisurely bath, this Bengal tiger mother must find food for the entire family.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">16 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kg9pkz\/how-foxes-outsmart-world-s-heaviest-raptor-in-quest-for-food\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kh59tp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"How foxes outsmart birds in the quest for food\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">How foxes outsmart world's heaviest raptor in quest for food<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch red foxes challenge the Steller's sea eagle, the world's heaviest raptor, as they search for food in Japan.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">8 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kfz5wq\/mum-saves-baby-seal-with-a-clever-trick\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kg006p.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A baby seal saved by its mum\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mum saves baby seal with a clever trick<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch as David Attenborough reveals the unique behaviour of a mother seal to protect her pup in icy waters.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">31 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kcdnx2\/mountain-goats-a-death-defying-battle-to-mate\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kcf193.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A death-defying battle for mating\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mountain goats: A death-defying battle to mate<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Watch the world's largest species of goat fight for the right to mate, teetering on the edge of perilous drops.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kbdxh2\/the-near-miraculous-escape-of-a-cave-swift\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kbf3f4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A near miraculous escape\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The near miraculous escape of a cave swift<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Tam Nam Lod Cave is home to over a quarter of a million swifts. But there are hidden dangers.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k6x6lp\/meet-the-mudskipper-the-remarkable-fish-that-lives-on-land\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k8j94s.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that live on land\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Meet the mudskipper: The remarkable fish that lives on land<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The mudskipper is a fish that can leap with a flick of its tail. Watch a particularly agile specimen in action.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k74hwb\/watch-the-dramatic-escape-of-tiny-fish-from-deadly-sharks\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k74n5y.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"How a tiny fish escapes shark\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Watch the dramatic escape of tiny fish from deadly sharks<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Moorish idol, a\u00a0dramatic little fish with dazzling stripes, adopts a clever strategy to save its life.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">27 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4y1h6\/who-should-pick-up-the-bill-for-climate-damage-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4yb42.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images 1428235915\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Who should pick up the bill for climate damage?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Talking about who is responsible for climate destruction is a fraught topic, how do we work out what is fair?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">15 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jt8x5z\/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why our planet's crust has tides too\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth tides: Why our planet's crust has tides too<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How do they differ from the ocean? A geophysicist breaks it down for us.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">28 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Weather & science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jrhh0p\/iceland-s-high-tech-farm-turning-algae-into-food\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jrksz8.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Vertical farm\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Iceland's high-tech farm turning algae into food<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">A facility near the Icelandic capital, Reykjavik, is using innovative farming technology to grow algae.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">20 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jl86q8\/inside-the-world-s-largest-hurricane-simulator\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jlbp2h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Watch an indoor hurricane\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the world's largest hurricane simulator<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">At the University of Miami, a large indoor air-sea interaction test facility measures the impact of storms.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">27 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jkkyc6\/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0cj109h\/the-deadly-plants-hiding-in-your-garden\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0chx468.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0chx468.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"B5 X2 WA\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The deadly plants hiding in your garden<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Poison Garden at the Alnwick Garden has\u00a0around 100 toxic, intoxicating, and narcotic plants.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">20 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Nature<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jgsff2\/the-scientists-drilling-into-an-active-icelandic-volcano\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhk026.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The scientists drilling into an anctive Icelandic volcano\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The scientists drilling into an active Icelandic volcano<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Scientists are preparing to drill into the rock of an Icelandic volcano to learn more about how volcanoes behave.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Climate solutions<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0cjxx9x\/earth-s-spectacular-and-remote-capital-of-lightning\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0ck00fw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Catatumbo lightning\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth's spectacular and remote 'capital' of lightning<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">With storms occurring between 140 to 160 nights a year, it's no wonder the area is a world record holder.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">World of wonder<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jg7gxh\/less-is-more-can-degrowth-save-the-world-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jhy6cw.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Less is more: Can degrowth save the world?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The degrowth movement questions the feasibility of the idea of endless economic growth on a finite planet.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">3 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Business<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jfr9y6\/why-is-the-seine-only-kind-of-clean-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jfrc8h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why is the Seine only 'kind of clean'?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Despite big investments, the river is still unsafe after heavy rains.\u00a0Did all the money go down the drain?<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">1 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c3e4nlxlq08o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">33 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/30f1\/live\/51609c80-fa6d-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Air source heat pump being installed into a 1930's built house on the 29th of November 2024 near Ashford United Kingdom.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">UK homes install subsidised heat pumps at record level<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Government-backed heat pump installations in the UK reached record levels for 2024.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">33 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Climate<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c8rkyk7rglpo\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">54 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/b146\/live\/0fa605e0-fa6e-11ef-8249-930055ca9590.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Three women doctors sit on chairs smiling and chatting. \" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">More women doctors than men for first time in UK<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">A driving factor is the rising number of women joining medical schools, the General Medical Council says.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">54 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Health<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/videos\/c4ged1z2702o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-video\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7c4d\/live\/e7e60d80-f9c2-11ef-896e-d7e7fb1719a4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Children's author Michael Rosen, a white man with white hair and beard sat in a purple chair on a hospital ward reading to children and other young people.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 fzrxhk\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Hospital libraries are helping to support children<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Author Michael Rosen has been reading to children as a new library is unveiled at Evelina London.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">London<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c93nk39xzw3o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/3821\/live\/5c334ed0-f9e8-11ef-8a2c-cf2862a1e488.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Woman in a mostly white uniform with blue trim in a hospital ward. She has a stethoscope round her neck.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Mental health complainants fear reprisals - study<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Study finds mental health patients are reluctant to complain about abuse for fear of staff revenge.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Beds, Herts & Bucks<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/c04zdek0z04o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">5 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/7473\/live\/1e941fd0-f918-11ef-becb-07cbf84d799c.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Robert on a golf course, smiling and looking at the camera, wearing a dark jumper with a pink top, with a grey heard and wearing a grey cap. There is grass all around him. \" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">'Appearing in an NHS campaign saved my life'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Actor Robert McCafferty says he knew the "subtle symptoms" of a heart attack before he suffered one.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">5 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Beds, Herts & Bucks<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"future\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Pads, pants or cups: Which period product is the most climate-friendly?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741255200000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"future\/author\/ana-santi\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Ana Santi\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Ana Santi\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741255200000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is a huge selection of period products to choose from, ranging from disposable tampons to reusable menstrual cups (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k3z.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Twenty billion disposable menstrual products are discarded each year in the US. There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During a weekend away with my girlfriends a few years ago, one of them mentioned that she was wearing period pants, an environmental decision to move away from single-use pads and tampons. I'd vaguely heard of them, but didn't know anyone who wore them and I'd always been a little sceptical \u2013 would they be absorbent enough? My friend convinced me otherwise and they've remained my product of choice ever since. But as I browse the shelves of menstrual products in my local supermarket today, I'm overwhelmed by the choice available: so many pads and tampons (some organic, most not), numerous types of cups, a few period pants.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And still, 49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone. In the US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste. Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 which can contain up to 90% plastic and end up largely in landfill \u2013are the most commonly used menstrual product.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"And still, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"49 billion single-use period products are used every year in Europe alone\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". In the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.epa.gov\/facts-and-figures-about-materials-waste-and-recycling\/national-overview-facts-and-figures-materials\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"US, it's about 20 billion discarded each year, generating 240,000 tonnes of solid waste\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Globally, disposable sanitary pads \u2013 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"which can contain up to 90% plastic\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/zerowasteeurope.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/bffp_single_use_menstrual_products_baby_nappies_and_wet_wipes.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"which can contain up to 90% plastic\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and end up largely in landfill \u2013\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"are \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"are \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the most commonly used menstrual product\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8462722\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the most commonly used menstrual product\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"I set out to find the most sustainable period product available.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Given that 1.8 billion people across the world menstruate every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and menstrual cups, which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold 20-30ml (around two tablespoons) of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Given that \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1.8 billion people across the world menstruate\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/wash\/menstrual-hygiene#:~:text=Every%20month%2C%201.8%20billion%20people%20across%20the%20world%20menstruate.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1.8 billion people across the world menstruate\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" every month, a group of academics based in France and the US conducted \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2666789422000277#bib2\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a life-cycle assessment of menstrual products\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" across four product groups: disposable non-organic and organic pads and tampons (with applicators); reusable pads; period underwear; and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"menstrual cups\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/av\/health-51822988\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"menstrual cups\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which are made from soft, flexible silicone or rubber and can hold \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"20-30ml (around two tablespoons)\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"20-30ml (around two tablespoons)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of menstrual blood. Comparing eight environmental impact indicators \u2013 global warming potential, fossil resources, land use, water use, carcinogenic effects, ecotoxicity, acidification and eutrophication \u2013 and conducted over one year across three countries (France, India and the US), the assessment considers impacts from production to disposal.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup can last up to 10 years.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Across all the three countries and environmental impacts, the menstrual cup was a clear winner, followed by period underwear, reusable pads and, in last place, single-use pads and tampons. Small and lightweight, one person's menstrual cup \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can last up to 10 years\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanpub\/article\/PIIS2468-2667(19)30111-2\/fulltext\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"can last up to 10 years\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for global warming potential and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Disposable pads \u2013 both organic and non-organic \u2013 had the highest impacts across all eight categories except water use, with non-organic pads scoring the highest for \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"global warming potential\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/science-environment-11833685\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"global warming potential\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and resource depletion. The global warming potential \u2013 greenhouse gas emissions' ability to absorb heat and warm the atmosphere over a given time period \u2013 came from manufacturing, with almost half of the impact from production of polyethylene (a petroleum-based plastic). But one of the most surprising results \u2013 not least to the report's authors \u2013 was that organic cotton pads had the highest impact of all, across five categories.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts,\\\" explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. The yield of organic farming is lower than conventional farming, meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The impacts are mostly linked to raw material manufacturing and organic production, which can have higher environmental impacts,\\\" explains M\u00e9lanie Douziech, one of the study's co-authors from Mines Paris-PSL university. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"yield\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"yield\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of organic farming is lower than conventional farming\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0308521X23001373\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" of organic farming is lower than conventional farming\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", meaning more water and land is needed to produce the same amount of organic as conventional cotton. Similar results were found for organic and non-organic cotton tampons.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the US, 20 billion disposable period products are discarded each year (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k6p.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. \\\"For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have quite a large global warming impact,\\\" says Douziech. \\\"With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Depending on the product, different parts of the lifecycle influence the emissions. \\\"For disposable products, it's the raw material production and manufacturing, as a lot of these products have plastics in them, which have \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"quite a large global warming impact\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c785l1nrpd1o\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"quite a large global warming impact\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" says Douziech. \\\"With reusable products, it is the manufacturing and use phases, especially the electricity requirements.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. \\\"Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts,\\\" says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as washing at lower temperatures and as part of a full load.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Water and electricity are needed to wash all reusable products between wear, but period pants perform better than reusable pads, in part because otherwise another form of underwear would be worn \u2013 and washed \u2013 regardless. \\\"Even though the menstrual cup is a clear winner, period underwear is also an alternative product that really reduces the environmental impacts,\\\" says Douziech. How we care for them can also affect the overall impact, such as \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"washing at lower temperatures\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0143720819320431?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"washing at lower temperatures\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and as part of a full load.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The assessment did not consider plastic pollution, but according to the study each conventional pad, including wrappers, wings and adhesives, adds some 2g of non-biodegradable plastic \u2014 the equivalent of four plastic bags \u2014 to the environment and take an estimated 500 to 800 years to decompose. The study adds that, in the US, 80% of conventional tampons and 20% of conventional pads are flushed down toilets, blocking sewers and releasing microplastics into oceans.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prior to this report, an analysis of several life-cycle analyses comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. \\\"Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a carbon sink,\\\" she says. \\\"In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Prior to this report, \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"an analysis of several life-cycle analyses\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.lifecycleinitiative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UNEP-LCI-Single-use-vs-reusable-Menstrual-Products-Meta-study.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"an analysis of several life-cycle analyses\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" comparing the environmental impacts of menstrual products, including emissions and resource depletion, was commissioned by the UN Environment Programme in 2021. Co-author Philippa Notten, director of the Cape Town-based non-profit TGH Think Space, which focuses on energy, climate change and sustainability projects, says that, due to a lack of data, the impact of plastic at menstrual products' end of life is not well documented in life-cycle assessments. \\\"Plastic tends to get modelled as if it ends up in a landfill or incinerator. Counterintuitively, landfill actually looks good from a carbon footprint point of view because plastic takes hundreds of years to degrade, so those carbon emissions are locked up in the landfill, which acts like a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carbon sink\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2590332222001403#bib59\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"carbon sink\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" she says. \\\"In reality, the product doesn't always end up in a formal waste management stream; it ends up as litter on beaches, as microplastics in the sea. And there is still a lot of carbon in the production of plastics.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241231-seven-proven-ways-to-help-the-planet\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Seven proven ways to help the planet in 2025\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241107-plastic-bamboo-or-electric-toothbrush-which-is-the-more-sustainable\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Why a bamboo toothbrush isn't always greener\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\",\"locator\":\"\",\"blocks\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u2022 \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20240528-buying-groceries-in-bulk-is-better-for-the-planet\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Is it better to buy in bulk?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. \\\"It's quite rare for this to happen to a product,\\\" Notten says. \\\"It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In UNEP's report, the menstrual cup also comes out on top by a considerable margin. \\\"It's quite rare for this to happen to a product,\\\" Notten says. \\\"It's not that the cup doesn't have a carbon footprint, but because it's such a small, light product, the impact is also small relative to other products.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?\\\" Notten says. \\\"For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"We always talk about 'break even points' in these studies: how many times do you have to use a renewable product before it has made up for the emissions caused in its manufacturing and use phases, compared to a single-use product?\\\" Notten says. \\\"For many products, it's often really high, like 100 times. With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. \\\"No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible,\\\" says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both studies express the importance of context and highlight that greenhouse gas emissions are only one of the many consequences of products and processes. \\\"No matter what we do, we are going to have an impact, but the idea is to minimise this impact as much as possible,\\\" says Paula P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, co-author of the France and US study and a researcher at Mines Paris-PSL university.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. \\\"This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The life-cycle assessment recommends that women consider factors beyond environmental impact, including social and cultural attitudes and infrastructures. \\\"This was out of our field of environmental assessment expertise, but in some African countries, reusable products, in particular menstrual cups, could be the difference between going to school and not for some girls, who don't have access to a period product,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Of course, the problem of access extends to all kinds of products, but a menstrual cup could be much easier to access because it's a small product that lasts a long time.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The menstrual cup was ranked the most environmentally-friendly product in a life-cycle assessment (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k7b.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But recent reports have warned of the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup, with one woman developing temporary kidney problems and some women suffering from pelvic organ prolapse. Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. \\\"In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections,\\\" she says. \\\"If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But recent reports have warned of \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c5yv98r4d4eo\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"the consequences of a poorly fitted, incorrectly sized menstrual cup\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" with one woman developing temporary kidney problems\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/casereports.bmj.com\/content\/18\/2\/e262035\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" with one woman developing temporary kidney problems\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and some women suffering from \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"pelvic organ prolapse\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/health-51805689\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"pelvic organ prolapse\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". Shazia Malik, consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist at the Portland Hospital in London, is reluctant to recommend menstrual cups to teenagers unless they are carefully taught how to use and care for them. \\\"In the last eight years, I've seen patients \u2013 women and teenagers \u2013 who use menstrual cups develop infections,\\\" she says. \\\"If you don't insert [the cup] properly, it can compress the bladder or rectum, and it won't effectively collect menstrual blood.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. \\\"We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product,\\\" Malik says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Malik also warns of the dangers of using the same menstrual cup for many years. Her advice is to have two cups on the go, sterilise them after each use \u2013 including every morning and night \u2013 and to replace them as soon as there is any wear and tear. \\\"We also need more awareness on choosing the right menstrual cup size, depending on your flow and whether you've had a vaginal birth. With education, the menstrual cup is a fantastic period product,\\\" Malik says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"With a menstrual cup, you only have to use it for a month before it breaks even on its carbon footprint \u2013 Philippa Notten\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat period poverty, environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the UK, the Women's Environmental Network, a non-profit, is calling for a Menstrual Health, Dignity and Sustainability Act to combat \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"period poverty\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/newsbeat-68563763\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"period poverty\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", environmental waste and toxic chemicals found in period products. WEN cites a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/catalangovernment.eu\/catalangovernment\/news\/586202\/the-universal-and-free-distribution-of-reusable-menstrual-products-begins-in-all-pharmacies-in-catalonia-promoted-by-the-ministry-of-equality-and-feminisms\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new policy in the Spanish region of Catalonia \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"as an example to follow. From March 2024 all women in Catalonia were given access to free, reusable menstrual products.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among the network's concerns is a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons, and a report by Which?, a UK consumer magazine, which found \\\"unnecessarily high levels of silver\\\" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Among the network's concerns is \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a US study that detected 16 types of metals, including lead, in tampons\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a report by Which?\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.which.co.uk\/policy-and-insight\/article\/some-popular-period-pants-contain-unnecessarily-high-levels-of-silver-which-warns-aFFwv6E0Sb8r\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a report by Which?\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", a UK consumer magazine, which found \\\"unnecessarily high levels of silver\\\" in some period pants, used as an antimicrobial agent to combat concerns about smell and hygiene.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment, with innovation happening faster than regulation. \\\"[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers,\\\" she says. \\\"A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Helen Lynn, a campaign manager focusing on the environmental impacts of menstrual products at WEN, says that such\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412020303494\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" chemicals are harmful to human health and the environment\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", with innovation happening faster than regulation. \\\"[The life-cycle assessment] is an interesting study but it doesn't take into account chemical residues and additives in menstrual products because businesses aren't obliged to disclose them, so studies like these can only look at the main materials disclosed by manufacturers,\\\" she says. \\\"A lack of transparency means that people don't know what's in these products and they put them next to a very absorbent part of the body.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new EU Ecolabel criteria for absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups, awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the Nordic Swan Ecolabel, which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a consultation period to revise the criteria of its sanitary products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Some legislative progress is being made, with Europe leading the way. In September 2023, the European Commission established a new \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"EU Ecolabel\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/environment.ec.europa.eu\/topics\/circular-economy\/eu-ecolabel_en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"EU Ecolabel\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" criteria for \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=OJ%3AJOL_2023_234_R_0006\\u0026qid=1695364426290\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"absorbent hygiene products and reusable menstrual cups\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", awarded to products that fulfil limit environmental impacts along their lifecycle. In Nordic countries, the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nordic Swan Ecolabel\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Nordic Swan Ecolabel\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", which promotes resource efficiency, reduced climate impact, a non-toxic circular economy and conservation of biodiversity, is currently in a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"consultation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"consultation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" period to revise the criteria of its \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" period to revise the criteria of its \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sanitary\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sanitary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" products\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.nordic-swan-ecolabel.org\/criteria-consultations\/sanitary-products-023\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" products\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The water and electricity needed to wash reusable period products also needs to be taken into consideration (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kw8k8m.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs in menstrual products, while a bill\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In 2024, Vermont became the first US state to adopt a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.saferstates.org\/press-room\/first-ever-ban-on-multiple-toxic-chemicals-in-menstrual-products-signed-by-vermont-governor\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"new law to ban the \\\"forever chemicals\\\" PFAs \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"in menstrual products, while \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a bill\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/meng.house.gov\/media-center\/press-releases\/meng-introduces-bill-require-national-institutes-health-study-make\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a bill\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0led by New York congresswoman Grace Meng calls for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to study the make-up of menstrual products.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. \\\"Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators,\\\" Gerner says. \\\"The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the first study on metal levels in tampons was only published last year.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Marina Gerner, professor at New York University's Stern School of Business and author of The Vagina Business, would welcome a US equivalent to the EU Ecolabel, but is calling for a global initiative. \\\"Companies need to disclose the ingredients of their period products and toxic ingredients need to be banned by regulators,\\\" Gerner says. \\\"The reason this hasn't happened yet is because women's health has historically been under researched and underfunded. The modern tampon was invented in 1931 and the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"first study on metal levels in tampons\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0160412024004355?via%3Dihub\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"first study on metal levels in tampons\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" was only published last year.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Several years ago, I switched to mostly using period pants. They last between two to three years and cost about \u00a345 ($56.7) for three pairs. At approximately \u00a32.75 ($3.48) for a pack of 10 pads, and using two packs per month, I would have spent up to \u00a3200 ($252.7) on pads in the same period. A menstrual cup is approximately \u00a320 ($25.2) and, for people comfortable using tampons, it is relatively easy to insert, but removal, cleansing and re-insertion when away from home or in public toilets can make it less accessible.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. \\\"This would need to be investigated further.\\\"\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"As a regular swimmer, I plan to try period swimwear next, although the possibility of leakage makes me anxious (I've been assured by people who wear them that this doesn't happen). Even though the life-cycle assessment ranked disposable organic products as the worst environmental offender, on occasions when period pants aren't convenient, I use a disposable, organic cotton, plastic-free and compostable brand that you can discard in your food bin (it is readily available in supermarkets and health stores). P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez says that the study did not model composting at end-of-life. \\\"This would need to be investigated further.\\\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. \\\"And that is a great solution,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. You will still be making a difference.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When trying to make better environmental choices, it is rare to find a relative silver bullet, like the menstrual cup. But I think that most people who are in a position to choose their menstrual products would prefer a range of options. \\\"And that is a great solution,\\\" says P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez. \\\"Choose a reusable product when you can, but if you're uncomfortable using a certain type of product for your whole cycle, or you can't rely on a reusable product for a particular reason, combine several products. 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