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bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" value=\"\"\/><button type=\"button\" data-testid=\"search-input-search-button\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-3 hsIsEs hCTSNW\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 beCbGD\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"search\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5 2.9-2.9zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1c0 5.2-3.9 9.1-9 9.1s-9-3.9-9-9.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-7 xKITv\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Travel<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/travel\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/travel\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Earth<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Audio<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/audio\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/audio\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/video\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/video\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Video<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Live<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/live\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/live\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/weather\">Weather<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-06T15:15:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">2 hours ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span 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src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/ic\/\/p07qnzlc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"By Richard Gray profile image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Richard Gray<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/chalkmark\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-10 knsvcP\">@chalkmark<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 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kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 EXUng\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Getty Images A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"performers-and-visitors-to-the-famous-gothic-cathedral-in-the-midst-of-the-river-seine-may-find-some-subtle-differences-to-the-way-sound-bounces-around-its-walls.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-47946675\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">coronations, wars and revolutions<\/a> have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-349-21157-9_4\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Gregorian chant<\/a>, or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollchap\/book\/9783846769133\/BP000019.xml\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sound rattled around inside the building<\/a>. They introduced <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/727887\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">multiple lines of melody simultaneously<\/a> to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-royal-musical-association\/article\/abs\/earliest-motets-music-and-words\/1B6D7E1D45B32A820ED1477E4449D385\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">motets<\/a> \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/10v1x47m\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">worked with the architecture<\/a>," says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz has spent more than a decade studying the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">acoustics of Notre-Dame<\/a>, painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X24006571\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">play music<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sing<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/7\/12\/306\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">preach<\/a> inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-47945465\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">devastating fire <\/a>that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">reconstruction<\/a> \u2013 which reportedly cost <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cewxdx7j00ro\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">\u20ac700m<\/a> (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"video-block\" data-testid=\"fabl-video-container\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div class=\"sc-248dbe6b-0 jEQyFR\"><div data-testid=\"\" style=\"visibility:hidden\" class=\"sc-248dbe6b-1 iajJmE\"><\/div><button data-testid=\"custom-cta\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-1 gfjwbu\"><div data-testid=\"cta-play-icon\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-0 fWlIqT\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 82 82\"><circle cx=\"41\" cy=\"41\" r=\"37\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/circle><polygon fill=\"#202224\" points=\"32,25 32,58 60,42\"><\/polygon><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"sc-722d3f77-4 eTYlrn\"><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire<\/figcaption><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant," he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been "incredibly moving", he says.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes<\/a> during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ," he says. "This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls," says Katz. "Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">model of the cathedral's interior<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way \u2013 Henri Chalet<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music," says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. "There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world," he says. "Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"callout-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC\"><section class=\"sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp\"><p class=\"sc-e11d1f0-3 fBWdkT\">Hear Notre-Dame\u2019s sonic history<\/p><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a virtual concert and documentary<\/a>\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history<\/a>\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary<\/a>\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof," recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">dulling effect on the sound<\/a>. The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When they plugged the data into their "digital twin" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame," says Katz. "If you look at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/story\/story-of-a-coronation-palace-of-versailles\/NgWhI7emoChPKw?hl=en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Napoleon's coronation<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c937r4k5rvno\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">glass roof or even a garden on top of the building<\/a> before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. "One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ," says Katz. "They were thinking about moving it and making it larger." One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view," says Katz. "But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other," says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps," he says. "When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_7\" id=\"dotcom-mid_7\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"unordered-list-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><ul class=\"sc-5c9c90b0-0 ggNdZQ\"><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored<\/a><\/li><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Where the sound of nature is too quiet<\/a><\/li><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241206-how-the-sounds-of-icebergs-reverberate-around-the-world\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"There was a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">noticeable shift in the reverberation time<\/a>, in a way that should be perceptible," Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bosc-leslandes.fr\/notre-dame-de-paris\/?lang=en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">1,500 solid wood chairs<\/a> now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin," says Katz. "It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time," says Chalet. "Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_9\" id=\"dotcom-mid_9\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was," adds Chalet. "It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now," says Dudamel.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_10\" id=\"dotcom-mid_10\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Chalet agrees. "The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. The sight clearly has an impact on listening."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Certainly, there is some research that suggests <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/online.ucpress.edu\/mp\/article-abstract\/33\/4\/457\/46451\/Interaction-of-Sight-and-Sound-in-the-Perception\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">visual information can affect our experience of what we hear<\/a>.<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Of course, to determine exactly how much it has changed will require more tests by Katz and his colleagues. But in many ways, he feels, the cathedral has been given a new life acoustically, that is potentially allowing visitors to experience sound in Notre-Dame in a way that probably hasn't been possible for hundreds of years.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"In some ways it is like a brand-new cathedral," says Katz. "One that is 800 years old."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_11\" id=\"dotcom-mid_11\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"if-you-liked-this-story,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">If you liked this story,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sign up for The Essential List newsletter<\/a><i id=\"\u2013-a-handpicked-selection-of-features,-videos-and-can't-miss-news,-delivered-to-your-inbox-twice-a-week.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 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gwUgXL\">Religion<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/science\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Science<\/a><\/div><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/tags\/features\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-3df0d64d-0 gwUgXL\">Features<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article><aside data-testid=\"texas-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"texas-20\" data-analytics_group_position=\"1\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"20\" data-analytics_group_name=\"Watch\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 bPQaRs\"><div data-testid=\"texas-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"texas-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 laRYIo\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"texas-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqkmz3\/theory-of-evolution-how-did-charles-darwin-come-up-with-it-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The British naturalist embarked on an extraordinary journey, did hundreds of experiments, and wrote for 20 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kftjyg\/homo-juluensis-possible-new-ancient-human-identified\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"'Homo juluensis': Possible new ancient human identified\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Homo juluensis: Possible 'new ancient human' identified<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers may have identified a new human species that lived around 300,000 years ago in Asia.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jt8x5z\/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why our planet's crust has tides too\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth tides: Why our planet's crust has tides too<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How do they differ from the ocean? A geophysicist breaks it down for us.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">28 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Weather & science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jlbpl3\/new-nasa-sonifications-listen-to-the-sound-of-the-universe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 22 at 8 51 13 PM\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">New Nasa sonifications: Listen to the sound of the Universe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Nasa has released new 'sonifications' of the Universe on the 25th anniversary of Chandra, its X-ray Observatory.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Space<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jkkyc6\/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/crrd2ed22d9o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">21 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The site of an archaeological dig with a large area of uncovered earth and the outline of low walls under a blue sky. In the background are portable buildings and a large tidal barrier.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Plans approved for Henry VIII castle attraction<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The South Blockhouse project has been given the go-ahead despite concerns over a \u00a31m funding shortfall.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">21 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Hull & East Yorkshire<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20250306-japans-spectacular-island-hopping-bike-trail\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Suspension bridge on Japan's Shimanami Kaido cycling route (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Japan's spectacular island-hopping bike trail<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The 70km Shimanami Kaido, webbed with fishing harbours, hillside citrus orchards and historic shrines, is often regarded as one of the world's most incredible bike journeys.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/article\/20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">6 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter "v" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Why a poem outraged 1980s Britain<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">6 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Culture<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">7 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">What's the most sustainable period product?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">7 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_12\" id=\"dotcom-mid_12\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20240406-kek-lapis-the-most-beautiful-cake-for-ramadan\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Photo of kek lapis (Credit: Kitchen Confidante)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The most beautiful cake for Ramadan<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The cake is a sublime art form, involving numerous colours and flavours commingling into an oh-so-soft and delicious cake that hides a kaleidoscope of intricate geometric patterns.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div class=\"zephr_story_beta\"><\/div><\/main><hr data-testid=\"main-footer-divider\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI\"\/><footer data-testid=\"main-footer\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-0 bbntGk\"><div class=\"sc-c05885a3-3 jqsEov\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 112 32\" category=\"logo\" icon=\"bbc\" style=\"height:30px\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 itfIsL\"><title>British Broadcasting Corporation<\/title><path d=\"M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 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21.0418952,14.4894488 21.4335619,13.8601152 C21.8252287,13.2307817 22.0210066,12.4881148 22.0210066,11.6321146 C22.0210066,10.1385586 21.4741175,8.99311379 20.3811172,8.19578022 C19.2877835,7.39889109 17.7457831,7.00000208 15.7552269,7.00000208 L15.7552269,7.00000208 Z M55.8775833,17.2209385 C58.1128062,17.2209385 59.2308065,18.0434943 59.2308065,19.6881614 C59.2308065,20.4602728 58.9369175,21.0518285 58.3496951,21.4629397 C57.7622505,21.8743843 56.9216947,22.0797177 55.8286944,22.0797177 L55.8286944,22.0797177 L52.6469157,22.0797177 L52.6469157,17.2209385 Z M15.8775714,17.2209385 C18.1129054,17.2209385 19.2307946,18.0434943 19.2307946,19.6881614 C19.2307946,20.4602728 18.9370167,21.0518285 18.3496832,21.4629397 C17.7622386,21.8743843 16.9216828,22.0797177 15.8286825,22.0797177 L15.8286825,22.0797177 L12.6469038,22.0797177 L12.6469038,17.2209385 Z M55.412572,9.92028073 C57.3541282,9.92028073 58.3252396,10.6338365 58.3252396,12.0600591 C58.3252396,12.7988371 58.0763506,13.373504 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"future\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250306-notre-dame-does-the-cathedral-sound-the-same-now-it-has-reopened-following-the-destructive-fire\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\/article\/20250306-notre-dame-does-the-cathedral-sound-the-same-now-it-has-reopened-following-the-destructive-fire\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741274100000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"future\/author\/richard-gray\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Richard Gray\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Richard Gray\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"urn:bbc:twitter:user:@chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"images\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Richard Gray (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Richard Gray (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p07qnzlc.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Javier Hirschfeld\"}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741274100000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj6m9.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as coronations, wars and revolutions have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"coronations, wars and revolutions\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-47946675\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"coronations, wars and revolutions\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. Gregorian chant, or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gregorian chant\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-349-21157-9_4\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gregorian chant\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way sound rattled around inside the building. They introduced multiple lines of melody simultaneously to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or motets \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sound rattled around inside the building\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollchap\/book\/9783846769133\/BP000019.xml\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sound rattled around inside the building\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". They introduced \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"multiple lines of melody simultaneously\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/727887\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"multiple lines of melody simultaneously\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"motets\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-royal-musical-association\/article\/abs\/earliest-motets-music-and-words\/1B6D7E1D45B32A820ED1477E4449D385\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"motets\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that worked with the architecture,\\\" says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worked with the architecture\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/10v1x47m\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worked with the architecture\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz has spent more than a decade studying the acoustics of Notre-Dame, painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to play music, sing and preach inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the devastating fire that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The reconstruction \u2013 which reportedly cost \u20ac700m (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz has spent more than a decade studying the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"acoustics of Notre-Dame\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"acoustics of Notre-Dame\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"play music\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X24006571\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"play music\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sing\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sing\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"preach\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/7\/12\/306\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"preach\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"devastating fire \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-47945465\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"devastating fire \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"reconstruction\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"reconstruction\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" \u2013 which reportedly cost \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u20ac700m\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cewxdx7j00ro\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u20ac700m\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"video\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"p076l0vp\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"blockId\":\"\",\"type\":\"mediaMetadata\",\"model\":{\"id\":\"p076l0vp\",\"subType\":\"clip\",\"format\":\"audio_video\",\"title\":\"The moment Notre-Dame\u2019s spire fell\",\"synopses\":{\"short\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"long\":\"The spire of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral has collapsed due to a massive fire.\\n\\nThe cause of the fire is not yet clear, but officials say that it could be linked to renovation work.\",\"medium\":\"The spire of Paris's Notre-Dame Cathedral has collapsed due to fire.\"},\"imageUrl\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj4ty.jpg\",\"embedding\":true,\"advertising\":true,\"versions\":[{\"versionId\":\"p076l23m\",\"duration\":21,\"warnings\":{\"short\":\"\",\"long\":\"\"}}],\"syndication\":{\"destinations\":[]},\"smpKind\":\"programme\"}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj4ty.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}}]}}],\"playerPosition\":\"embedded-0\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant,\\\" he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been \\\"incredibly moving\\\", he says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant,\\\" he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been \\\"incredibly moving\\\", he says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ,\\\" he says. \\\"This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ,\\\" he says. \\\"This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls,\\\" says Katz. \\\"Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls,\\\" says Katz. \\\"Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic model of the cathedral's interior.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"model of the cathedral's interior\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"model of the cathedral's interior\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way \u2013 Henri Chalet\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music,\\\" says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. \\\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music,\\\" says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. \\\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world,\\\" he says. \\\"Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world,\\\" he says. \\\"Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"callout\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Hear Notre-Dame\u2019s sonic history\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0a virtual concert and documentary\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a virtual concert and documentary\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a virtual concert and documentary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The\u00a0Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof,\\\" recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0dulling effect on the sound. The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof,\\\" recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"dulling effect on the sound\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"dulling effect on the sound\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they plugged the data into their \\\"digital twin\\\" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they plugged the data into their \\\"digital twin\\\" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame,\\\" says Katz. \\\"If you look at\u00a0Napoleon's coronation\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame,\\\" says Katz. \\\"If you look at\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Napoleon's coronation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/story\/story-of-a-coronation-palace-of-versailles\/NgWhI7emoChPKw?hl=en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Napoleon's coronation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj6cf.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a glass roof or even a garden on top of the building before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"glass roof or even a garden on top of the building\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c937r4k5rvno\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"glass roof or even a garden on top of the building\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. \\\"One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ,\\\" says Katz. \\\"They were thinking about moving it and making it larger.\\\" One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. \\\"One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ,\\\" says Katz. \\\"They were thinking about moving it and making it larger.\\\" One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view,\\\" says Katz. \\\"But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view,\\\" says Katz. \\\"But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other,\\\" says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other,\\\" says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps,\\\" he says. \\\"When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps,\\\" he says. \\\"When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1200,\"width\":1200,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj7g1.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_7\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Where the sound of nature is too quiet\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Where the sound of nature is too quiet\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241206-how-the-sounds-of-icebergs-reverberate-around-the-world\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There was a noticeable shift in the reverberation time, in a way that should be perceptible,\\\" Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There was a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"noticeable shift in the reverberation time\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"noticeable shift in the reverberation time\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", in a way that should be perceptible,\\\" Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while 1,500 solid wood chairs now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1,500 solid wood chairs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bosc-leslandes.fr\/notre-dame-de-paris\/?lang=en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1,500 solid wood chairs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_8\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin,\\\" says Katz. \\\"It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin,\\\" says Katz. \\\"It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj87m.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time,\\\" says Chalet. \\\"Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time,\\\" says Chalet. \\\"Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_9\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was,\\\" adds Chalet. \\\"It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was,\\\" adds Chalet. \\\"It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj8sg.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now,\\\" says Dudamel.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now,\\\" says Dudamel.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_10\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chalet agrees. \\\"The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. The sight clearly has an impact on listening.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chalet agrees. \\\"The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. The sight clearly has an impact on listening.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Certainly, there is some research that suggests visual information can affect our experience of what we hear.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Certainly, there is some research that suggests \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"visual information can affect our experience of what we hear\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/online.ucpress.edu\/mp\/article-abstract\/33\/4\/457\/46451\/Interaction-of-Sight-and-Sound-in-the-Perception\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"visual information can affect our experience of what we hear\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[\"italic\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Of course, to determine exactly how much it has changed will require more tests by Katz and his colleagues. But in many ways, he feels, the cathedral has been given a new life acoustically, that is potentially allowing visitors to experience sound in Notre-Dame in a way that probably hasn't been possible for hundreds of years.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Of course, to determine exactly how much it has changed will require more tests by Katz and his colleagues. But in many ways, he feels, the cathedral has been given a new life acoustically, that is potentially allowing visitors to experience sound in Notre-Dame in a way that probably hasn't been possible for hundreds of years.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"In some ways it is like a brand-new cathedral,\\\" says Katz. \\\"One that is 800 years old.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"In some ways it is like a brand-new cathedral,\\\" says Katz. \\\"One that is 800 years old.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"--\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_11\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"If you 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class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/us-canada\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">US & Canada<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/uk\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">UK Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/england\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">England<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/northern_ireland\/northern_ireland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">N. Ireland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/scotland\/scotland_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Scotland Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/wales\/wales_politics\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Wales Politics<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bLMSxz\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/china\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">China<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/asia\/india\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">India<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/australia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/latin_america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Latin America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/world\/middle_east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/in_pictures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">In Pictures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcindepth\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC InDepth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/news\/bbcverify\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">BBC Verify<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/executive-lounge\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Executive Lounge<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/technology-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/business\/future-of-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Future of Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Innovation<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/technology\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Technology<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Science & Health<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/artificial-intelligence\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Artificial Intelligence<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/innovation\/ai-v-the-mind\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">AI v the Mind<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/film-tv\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Film & TV<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/music\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Music<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/art\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Art & Design<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/style\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Style<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/books\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Books<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/culture\/entertainment-news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Entertainment News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/arts\/arts-in-motion\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Arts in Motion<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Travel<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Destinations<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/africa\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Africa<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/antarctica\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Antarctica<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/asia\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Asia<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/australia-and-pacific\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Australia and Pacific<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/caribbean\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Caribbean & Bermuda<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/central-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Central America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/europe\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Europe<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/middle-east\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Middle East<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/north-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">North America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/destinations\/south-america\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">South America<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 khALxp\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/worlds-table\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">World\u2019s Table<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/cultural-experiences\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Culture & Experiences<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/adventures\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Adventures<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/travel\/specialist\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">The SpeciaList<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Earth<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/natural-wonders\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Natural Wonders<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/weather-science\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Weather & Science<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/solutions\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Climate Solutions<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/sustainable-business\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Sustainable Business<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/future-planet\/green-living\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Green Living<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/categories\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Podcasts<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/audio\/stations\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Radio<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/undefined\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Audio FAQs<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/video\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Video<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 lgTkUi\"><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/news\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live News<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><li class=\"sc-c8fbcff-3 jtEFxm\"><a href=\"\/live\/sport\" class=\"sc-f116bf72-4 tIuPV\">Live Sport<\/a><\/li><ul class=\"sc-c8fbcff-1 bXKLZA\"><\/ul><\/ul><\/ul><\/details><\/noscript><div data-testid=\"backdrop\" class=\"sc-3192fecd-0 irQldJ\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"drawer-background\" direction=\"left\" class=\"sc-bcd5a959-0 dCOsAv\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-0 fAkitL\"><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-6 ioPLtn\"><div data-testid=\"search-input-wrapper\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-0 emMBqr\"><input type=\"text\" placeholder=\"Search news, topics and more\" data-testid=\"search-input-field\" class=\"sc-e1a87ea7-1 clPMUF\" value=\"\"\/><button type=\"button\" data-testid=\"search-input-search-button\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-3 hsIsEs hCTSNW\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 beCbGD\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"actions\" icon=\"search\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"m30.6 28.1-8.3-8.3c1.5-2 2.4-4.4 2.4-7.2C24.7 6 19.6 1 13 1S1.4 6.1 1.4 12.7 6.5 24.3 13 24.3c2.3 0 4.4-.6 6.2-1.8l8.5 8.5 2.9-2.9zM4 12.6c0-5.2 3.9-9.1 9-9.1s9 3.9 9 9.1c0 5.2-3.9 9.1-9 9.1s-9-3.9-9-9.1z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-c2aa8288-7 xKITv\"><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/home\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Home<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">News<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/news\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/news\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/sport\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/sport\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Sport<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Business<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/business\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/business\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Innovation<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/innovation\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Culture<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/culture\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/culture\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"navigationPanel-navItem-level0-\/\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-5 gponRQ\"><div><button data-testid=\"level0NavButton-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-2 irTfjU\"><span data-testid=\"level0NavText-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-3 gNfKvw\">Arts<\/span><div data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIconWrapper-\/arts\" class=\"sc-c2aa8288-1 lprTtA\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"arrows\" icon=\"chevron-down\" data-testid=\"menuItem-ChevronIcon-\/arts\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M17.7 22.6.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4zm0 0L.9 4.2v6.7L16 27.8 31.1 11V4.3L14.3 22.6h3.4z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div 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data-testid=\"level0NavText-https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/newsletters\">Newsletters<\/span><\/button><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><main id=\"main-content\"><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 bFAJrO\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-top\" id=\"dotcom-top\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><article><div data-component=\"headline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eeiVGB\"><h1 class=\"sc-518485e5-0 itISwu\">'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it<\/h1><\/div><div data-component=\"byline-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div data-testid=\"byline-new\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-0 haItSe\"><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-1 cjDa-dM\"><time dateTime=\"2025-03-06T15:15:00.000Z\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-2 jViTsK\">2 hours ago<\/time><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-3 cFXrjb\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span 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src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/$recipe\/ic\/\/p07qnzlc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"By Richard Gray profile image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><div><span class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-7 kItaYD\">Richard Gray<\/span><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-8 bTSIhT\"><span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/chalkmark\" target=\"_blank\" class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-10 knsvcP\">@chalkmark<\/a><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-b42e7a8f-4 ffcVEa\"><button disabled=\"\" type=\"button\" aria-label=\"Share\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-2 sc-48d6da7e-5 sc-48d6da7e-6 oYtVL dRvUPz dXDmtS\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"12\" height=\"14\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" category=\"social\" icon=\"share\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path fill-rule=\"evenodd\" clip-rule=\"evenodd\" d=\"M9.51768 8.96851C8.95518 8.96851 8.44393 9.19851 8.07227 9.57018L4.19727 7.36685C4.24893 7.18768 4.2856 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kItbpD\"><span data-testid=\"button-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-0 dMpdqo\"><svg width=\"32\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 12 14\" category=\"account\" icon=\"saved-items-outlined\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M5.99996 9.43351L9.46496 11.0741L9.46496 2.0125L2.53496 2.0125L2.53496 11.0741L5.99996 9.43351ZM0.959961 13.5625L0.959961 0.4375L11.04 0.4375L11.04 13.5625L5.99996 11.1761L0.959961 13.5625Z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><span data-testid=\"button-text\" aria-hidden=\"false\" class=\"sc-48d6da7e-1 eihkAj\">Save<\/span><\/button><\/div><\/div><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 EXUng\"><div data-testid=\"hero-image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6m9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"eager\" alt=\"Getty Images A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"performers-and-visitors-to-the-famous-gothic-cathedral-in-the-midst-of-the-river-seine-may-find-some-subtle-differences-to-the-way-sound-bounces-around-its-walls.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-47946675\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">coronations, wars and revolutions<\/a> have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-349-21157-9_4\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Gregorian chant<\/a>, or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollchap\/book\/9783846769133\/BP000019.xml\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sound rattled around inside the building<\/a>. They introduced <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/727887\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">multiple lines of melody simultaneously<\/a> to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-royal-musical-association\/article\/abs\/earliest-motets-music-and-words\/1B6D7E1D45B32A820ED1477E4449D385\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">motets<\/a> \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_1\" id=\"dotcom-mid_1\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/10v1x47m\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">worked with the architecture<\/a>," says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz has spent more than a decade studying the <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">acoustics of Notre-Dame<\/a>, painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X24006571\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">play music<\/a>, <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sing<\/a> and <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/7\/12\/306\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">preach<\/a> inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-47945465\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">devastating fire <\/a>that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">reconstruction<\/a> \u2013 which reportedly cost <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cewxdx7j00ro\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">\u20ac700m<\/a> (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"video-block\" data-testid=\"fabl-video-container\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div class=\"sc-248dbe6b-0 jEQyFR\"><div data-testid=\"\" style=\"visibility:hidden\" class=\"sc-248dbe6b-1 iajJmE\"><\/div><button data-testid=\"custom-cta\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-1 gfjwbu\"><div data-testid=\"cta-play-icon\" class=\"sc-722d3f77-0 fWlIqT\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 82 82\"><circle cx=\"41\" cy=\"41\" r=\"37\" fill=\"#fff\"><\/circle><polygon fill=\"#202224\" points=\"32,25 32,58 60,42\"><\/polygon><\/svg><\/div><div class=\"sc-722d3f77-4 eTYlrn\"><\/div><\/button><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire<\/figcaption><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant," he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been "incredibly moving", he says.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_2\" id=\"dotcom-mid_2\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes<\/a> during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ," he says. "This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls," says Katz. "Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">model of the cathedral's interior<\/a>.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_3\" id=\"dotcom-mid_3\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"quote-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-0 WkJHg\"><div class=\"sc-9967660-1 dBFvZy\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"1em\" height=\"1em\" category=\"personalisation\" icon=\"quote\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M9.83967 17.2131C9.205 17.2131 8.62967 17.3124 8.07567 17.5058C8.63767 13.3384 10.9143 10.0091 14.7517 6.88708H10.0903C6.281 10.2704 4.00033 14.6318 4.00033 20.0451C4.00033 24.4311 6.35567 26.9371 9.78967 26.9371C13.0223 26.9371 14.9023 24.5564 14.9023 21.9751C14.9023 19.2184 12.7217 17.2131 9.83967 17.2131Z\"><\/path><path d=\"M22.2957 17.2131C21.6611 17.2131 21.0864 17.3124 20.5317 17.5058C21.0931 13.3384 23.3704 10.0091 27.2077 6.88708H22.5464C18.7371 10.2704 16.4811 14.6318 16.4811 20.0451C16.4811 24.4311 18.8117 26.9371 22.2457 26.9371C25.4784 26.9371 27.3584 24.5564 27.3584 21.9751C27.3584 19.2184 25.1777 17.2131 22.2957 17.2131Z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><span class=\"sc-9967660-2 kcfPbO\">There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way \u2013 Henri Chalet<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music," says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. "There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world," he says. "Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_4\" id=\"dotcom-mid_4\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"callout-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 eLrdPC\"><section class=\"sc-e11d1f0-0 eVThlc\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-1 kDQByp\"><p class=\"sc-e11d1f0-3 fBWdkT\">Hear Notre-Dame\u2019s sonic history<\/p><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-2 ewSByo\"><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">a virtual concert and documentary<\/a>\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history<\/a>\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.<\/p><\/div><div class=\"sc-e11d1f0-4 gxuhBx\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">The\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary<\/a>\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof," recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">dulling effect on the sound<\/a>. The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">When they plugged the data into their "digital twin" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame," says Katz. "If you look at\u00a0<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/story\/story-of-a-coronation-palace-of-versailles\/NgWhI7emoChPKw?hl=en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Napoleon's coronation<\/a>\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_5\" id=\"dotcom-mid_5\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj6cf.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a <a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c937r4k5rvno\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">glass roof or even a garden on top of the building<\/a> before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. "One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ," says Katz. "They were thinking about moving it and making it larger." One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view," says Katz. "But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_6\" id=\"dotcom-mid_6\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other," says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps," he says. "When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj7g1.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_7\" id=\"dotcom-mid_7\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><b id=\"more-like-this:\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">More like this:<\/b><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"unordered-list-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jVHuOl\"><ul class=\"sc-5c9c90b0-0 ggNdZQ\"><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored<\/a><\/li><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Where the sound of nature is too quiet<\/a><\/li><li class=\"sc-8d73edac-0 ezcCTE\"><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241206-how-the-sounds-of-icebergs-reverberate-around-the-world\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"There was a <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">noticeable shift in the reverberation time<\/a>, in a way that should be perceptible," Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bosc-leslandes.fr\/notre-dame-de-paris\/?lang=en\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">1,500 solid wood chairs<\/a> now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_8\" id=\"dotcom-mid_8\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin," says Katz. "It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj87m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time," says Chalet. "Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_9\" id=\"dotcom-mid_9\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was," adds Chalet. "It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same."<\/p><\/div><figure><div data-component=\"image-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 jFCfG\"><div data-testid=\"image\" class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 50vw, (min-width: 1008px) 66vw, 96vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480xn\/p0kwj8sg.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Getty Images The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><span class=\"sc-a34861b-2 hesJxn\">Getty Images<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"caption-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 bdPeAJ\"><figcaption class=\"sc-8353772e-0 iUqqeb\">The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)<\/figcaption><\/div><\/figure><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now," says Dudamel.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_10\" id=\"dotcom-mid_10\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Chalet agrees. "The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. The sight clearly has an impact on listening."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Certainly, there is some research that suggests <a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/online.ucpress.edu\/mp\/article-abstract\/33\/4\/457\/46451\/Interaction-of-Sight-and-Sound-in-the-Perception\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">visual information can affect our experience of what we hear<\/a>.<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i><\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">Of course, to determine exactly how much it has changed will require more tests by Katz and his colleagues. But in many ways, he feels, the cathedral has been given a new life acoustically, that is potentially allowing visitors to experience sound in Notre-Dame in a way that probably hasn't been possible for hundreds of years.<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">"In some ways it is like a brand-new cathedral," says Katz. "One that is 800 years old."<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">--<\/p><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_11\" id=\"dotcom-mid_11\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"text-block\" class=\"sc-18fde0d6-0 dlWCEZ\"><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\"><i id=\"if-you-liked-this-story,\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">If you liked this story,\u00a0<\/i><a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/cloud.email.bbc.com\/SignUp10_08?&at_bbc_team=studios&at_medium=Onsite&at_objective=acquisition&at_ptr_name=bbc.com&at_link_origin=featuresarticle&at_campaign=essentiallist&at_campaign_type=owned\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\">sign up for The Essential List newsletter<\/a><i id=\"\u2013-a-handpicked-selection-of-features,-videos-and-can't-miss-news,-delivered-to-your-inbox-twice-a-week.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 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laLKDk\">Watch<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"texas-grid\" class=\"sc-8a8cf983-0 iYKspt\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-1 gaQDrT\"><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kvtmn5\/why-we-re-still-talking-about-maud-wagner\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kvv60r.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s first professional female tattoo artist\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why we're still talking about Maud Wagner<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How America's first professional female tattooist broke through into an art form historically dominated by men.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">2 days ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kr30jw\/the-insulting-vinegar-valentine-of-victorian-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kr32ny.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The surprisingly sour Victorian Valentine's Day craze\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The insulting 'Vinegar Valentine' of Victorian England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Valentine\u2019s Day is thought to celebrate romance but rude cards soured the holiday for its recipients.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">14 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqkmz3\/theory-of-evolution-how-did-charles-darwin-come-up-with-it-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqp90m.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Theory of Evolution: How did Charles Darwin come up with it?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The British naturalist embarked on an extraordinary journey, did hundreds of experiments, and wrote for 20 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kqd47s\/richard-iii-the-accidental-photo-of-a-long-lost-king\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kqd5lv.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long lost king\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Richard III: The 'accidental' photo of a long-lost king<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Why a famous photograph of King Richard III's skeleton was a happy 'accident'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kl5kcz\/the-ww2-experiment-to-make-pigeon-guided-missiles\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kp4mbc.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The WW2 experiment to make pigeon-guided missiles<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">An unexpected WW2 experiment by behaviourist B F Skinner proved that pigeons could be used for missile guidance.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Feb 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kh0k3v\/america-s-last-revolutionaries-rare-photos-of-us-patriots\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0khbwlk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"America\u2019s last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of the original patriots\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">America's last Revolutionaries: Rare photos of US patriots<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a dwindling group of veterans from the American War of Independence were featured in early photographic form.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0kftjyg\/homo-juluensis-possible-new-ancient-human-identified\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kgwsjn.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"'Homo juluensis': Possible new ancient human identified\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Homo juluensis: Possible 'new ancient human' identified<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers may have identified a new human species that lived around 300,000 years ago in Asia.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">6 Jan 2025<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k8zt2z\/idris-elba-on-moment-he-learned-about-mandela-s-death\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k902mk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mandela's death through the eyes of Idris Elba\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Idris Elba on moment he learned about Mandela's death<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The actor recalls being at the Mandela film premiere when he heard the anti-apartheid politician had died.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">7 Dec 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k4x9jb\/mary-mallon-the-most-dangerous-woman-in-america-\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k4xxl9.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Mary Mallon: 'The most dangerous woman in America'<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How Mary Mallon, an Irish cook for New York's elite, became known as the 'most dangerous woman in America'.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">17 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0k3vzf7\/world-war-one-relics-live-on-in-the-fields-of-europe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0k3w5bq.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Europe's 'iron harvest' of war\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">World War One relics live on in the fields of Europe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The battlegrounds of World War One are still giving up their revealing evidence of bitter fighting.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">12 Nov 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jzg8m7\/the-picture-that-tells-a-lesser-known-chapter-of-us-history\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jzh1hp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of the bison skull photo\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The picture that tells a lesser-known chapter of US history<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How a 1892 photo from Rougeville, Michigan, became the most iconic image of the bison massacre in America.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">22 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jyrzsg\/the-history-of-swing-states-in-the-us\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jys4dp.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The history of swing states\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The history of swing states in the US<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The US Presidential elections did not always depend on just these seven states.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Oct 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jt8x5z\/earth-tides-why-our-planet-s-crust-has-tides-too\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jt9gtk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Why our planet's crust has tides too\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Earth tides: Why our planet's crust has tides too<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">How do they differ from the ocean? A geophysicist breaks it down for us.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">28 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Weather & science<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jr4z6k\/why-tonnes-of-mummified-cats-ended-up-in-england\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jx5sh2.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The 19.5-tonne cargo of cat mummies sent to England\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Why tonnes of mummified cats ended up in England<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">In 1890 an estimated cargo of 180,000 ancient felines, weighing 19.5 tonnes, were auctioned off in Liverpool.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">18 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jpptt2\/inside-the-ancient-royal-tomb-found-by-accident\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jpqw9h.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Inside the ancient royal tomb found by accident<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak was accidentally discovered by Bulgarian soldiers digging up shelters in 1944.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">11 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jphx6z\/varna-necropolis-world-s-oldest-gold-treasure\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jphzd0.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Varna Necropolis: World's oldest gold treasure<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">The Varna treasure is considered the world's oldest human processed gold, dating back 6,500 years.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">10 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jlbpl3\/new-nasa-sonifications-listen-to-the-sound-of-the-universe\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jp0p4j.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 22 at 8 51 13 PM\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">New Nasa sonifications: Listen to the sound of the Universe<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Nasa has released new 'sonifications' of the Universe on the 25th anniversary of Chandra, its X-ray Observatory.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">9 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Space<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnkzzy\/the-giant-350-year-old-model-of-st-paul-s-cathedral\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnm65l.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">The giant 350-year-old model of St Paul's Cathedral<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Hiding in a London cathedral is an intricate wooden mock-up of Sir Christopher Wren's masterpiece.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">5 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">History<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jnbll0\/uncovering-the-sunken-relics-of-an-ancient-city\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jnbpvk.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">Uncovering the sunken relics of an ancient city<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Bettany Hughes goes underwater in search of ancient archaeological finds in historic Sozopol, Bulgaria.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">4 Sep 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Archaeology<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-8a8cf983-2 jupLmo\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/reel\/video\/p0jkkyc6\/in-australia-sea-lions-help-researchers-map-the-ocean-floor\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div data-testid=\"edinburgh-video\" class=\"sc-b8778340-0 bIGryj\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-1 jvzsLx\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-b8778340-2 kUyIkJ\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1280px) 20vw, (min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 800px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0jklf59.png.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0jklf59.png.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0jklf59.png.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0jklf59.png.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0jklf59.png.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0jklf59.png.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0jklf59.png.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Screenshot 2024 08 20 at 2 00 51 PM min\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"content-type-label\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-0 kgpAvc\"><div data-testid=\"content-type-icon-wrapper\" class=\"sc-92f37ff6-1 gfxjeq\"><svg viewBox=\"0 0 32 32\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" category=\"playback-avkx\" icon=\"play\" type=\"playback-avkx:play\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 cCvcou\"><path d=\"M29 16 5.8 1v30L29 16z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-b8778340-3 eTiihu\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 dRanZR\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 fscymh\">In Australia, sea lions help researchers map the ocean floor<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-b8778340-4 hUTjjg\">Researchers in Australia put cameras on sea lions' backs to help them map the elusive ocean floor.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 hMFMgw\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 ioNoDA\">21 Aug 2024<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 gNUyZj\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 eiXiGe\">Earth<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><aside data-testid=\"alaska-section-outer\" data-analytics-group=\"true\" data-analytics_group_type=\"alaska-5\" data-analytics_group_position=\"2\" data-analytics_group_item_count=\"5\" data-analytics_group_name=\"More\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-1 dYnBSI\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-section\" class=\"sc-227eb15e-2 harZpM\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-2 koMJJi\"><div class=\"sc-2be11b79-1 ePwOJX\"><hr data-testid=\"alaska-line\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-0 bHUvKO\"\/><\/div><div data-testid=\"section-title-wrapper\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-3 iflVUS\"><div><span data-testid=\"alaska-title\" class=\"sc-2be11b79-4 fAxgMO\">More<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"sc-da05643e-0 kbaPPZ\"><div data-testid=\"alaska-grid\" class=\"sc-93223220-0 sc-da05643e-1 fiJvSm djXsFQ\"><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/news\/articles\/crrd2ed22d9o\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">21 mins ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/240\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/320\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/640\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/800\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1024\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/1536\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp 1536w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/news\/480\/cpsprodpb\/9d53\/live\/2b7b6340-faa1-11ef-bb1e-71167c28cbc5.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"The site of an archaeological dig with a large area of uncovered earth and the outline of low walls under a blue sky. In the background are portable buildings and a large tidal barrier.\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Plans approved for Henry VIII castle attraction<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The South Blockhouse project has been given the go-ahead despite concerns over a \u00a31m funding shortfall.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">21 mins ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Hull & East Yorkshire<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20250306-japans-spectacular-island-hopping-bike-trail\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">4 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw1810.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Suspension bridge on Japan's Shimanami Kaido cycling route (Credit: Alamy)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Japan's spectacular island-hopping bike trail<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The 70km Shimanami Kaido, webbed with fishing harbours, hillside citrus orchards and historic shrines, is often regarded as one of the world's most incredible bike journeys.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">4 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/culture\/article\/20250305-tony-harrisons-v-why-a-poem-outraged-1980s-britain\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">6 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw83m4.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A pop art illustration of a man and a woman turned toward a television with the letter "v" on the screen, with television signals emanating from the TV (Credit: Emmanuel Lafont)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">Why a poem outraged 1980s Britain<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">Forty years ago, Northern English poet Harrison published a powerful work inspired by vandalised gravestones in his hometown Leeds.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">6 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Culture<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/future\/article\/20250305-what-is-the-most-sustainable-period-product\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">7 hrs ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 khCtOO\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0kw8k3z.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"A selection of period products including menstrual cups, tampons and a pad alongside underwear (Credit: Getty Images)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">What's the most sustainable period product?<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">There's a huge array of reusable options, from pads to pants to menstrual cups. Ana Santi explores which is the most sustainable and how safe they are.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">7 hrs ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Future<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><div data-component=\"ad-slot\" data-testid=\"ad-unit\" class=\"sc-eb24677f-0 kuYBMG\"><div data-testid=\"dotcom-mid_12\" id=\"dotcom-mid_12\" class=\"dotcom-ad\"><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-card\" data-indexcard=\"true\" class=\"sc-c6f6255e-0 eGcloy\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/travel\/article\/20240406-kek-lapis-the-most-beautiful-cake-for-ramadan\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-4 ypQFr\"><div class=\"sc-ae29827d-1 hAmwyA\"><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 bFzmvn\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 cbeuWG\">1 day ago<\/span><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"liverpool-article\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-3 fKfpeF\"><div data-testid=\"card-media-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-5 jVhDCQ\"><div data-testid=\"card-media\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-2 bgogNC\"><div class=\"sc-a34861b-1 jxzoZC\"><img src=\"\/bbcx\/grey-placeholder.png\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 cOpVbP hide-when-no-script\"\/><img sizes=\"(min-width: 1008px) 25vw, (min-width: 600px) 33vw, 50vw\" srcSet=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/160x90\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 160w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/240x135\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 240w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/320x180\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 320w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 480w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/640x360\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 640w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/800x450\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 800w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1024x576\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1024w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1376x774\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1376w,https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920x1080\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp 1920w\" src=\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/480x270\/p0hncpkj.jpg.webp\" loading=\"lazy\" alt=\"Photo of kek lapis (Credit: Kitchen Confidante)\" class=\"sc-a34861b-0 efFcac\"\/><\/div><\/div><\/div><div data-testid=\"card-text-wrapper\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-6 dzMUxv\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-1 kycgkX\"><div class=\"sc-87075214-0 jvGDZA\"><h2 data-testid=\"card-headline\" class=\"sc-87075214-3 czAFqs\">The most beautiful cake for Ramadan<\/h2><\/div><\/div><p data-testid=\"card-description\" class=\"sc-ae29827d-0 jfacew\">The cake is a sublime art form, involving numerous colours and flavours commingling into an oh-so-soft and delicious cake that hides a kaleidoscope of intricate geometric patterns.<\/p><div class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-0 kZsXRf\"><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-lastupdated\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-1 fZvNua\">1 day ago<\/span><div data-testid=\"card-metadata-separator\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-3 eQhLId\"><\/div><span data-testid=\"card-metadata-tag\" class=\"sc-6fba5bd4-2 jOCsOj\">Travel<\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/aside><div class=\"zephr_meter_beta\"><\/div><div class=\"zephr_story_beta\"><\/div><\/main><hr data-testid=\"main-footer-divider\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-2 eBEgvI\"\/><footer data-testid=\"main-footer\" class=\"sc-c05885a3-0 bbntGk\"><div class=\"sc-c05885a3-3 jqsEov\"><div data-testid=\"anchor-inner-wrapper\"><a href=\"\/\" data-testid=\"internal-link\" class=\"sc-2e6baa30-0 gILusN\"><svg xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" viewBox=\"0 0 112 32\" category=\"logo\" icon=\"bbc\" style=\"height:30px\" class=\"sc-735e4804-0 itfIsL\"><title>British Broadcasting Corporation<\/title><path d=\"M111.99999,4.44444577e-05 L111.99999,32.0000444 L79.9999905,32.0000444 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All rights reserved.\u00a0<i id=\"\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\">\u00a0<\/i>The<i id=\"bbc\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> BBC <\/i>is<i id=\"not-responsible-for-the-content-of-external-sites.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kKcaog\"> not responsible for the content of external sites.<\/i>\u00a0<a target=\"_self\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/editorialguidelines\/guidance\/feeds-and-links\" class=\"sc-c9299ecf-0 beIoQm\"><b id=\"read-about-our-approach-to-external-linking.\" class=\"sc-7dcfb11b-0 kVRnKf\">Read about our approach to external linking.<\/b><\/a><\/p><p class=\"sc-eb7bd5f6-0 fezwLZ\">\u00a0<\/p><\/div><\/footer><\/div><\/div><script id=\"__NEXT_DATA__\" type=\"application\/json\">{\"props\":{\"pageProps\":{\"page\":{\"@\\\"future\\\",\\\"article\\\",\\\"20250306-notre-dame-does-the-cathedral-sound-the-same-now-it-has-reopened-following-the-destructive-fire\\\",\":{\"id\":\"urn:pubpipe:wwverticals:article:future\/article\/20250306-notre-dame-does-the-cathedral-sound-the-same-now-it-has-reopened-following-the-destructive-fire\",\"contents\":[{\"type\":\"headline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"'The space is like an instrument': How Notre-Dame found its voice after fire muffled it\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741274100000}},{\"type\":\"byline\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"contributor\",\"model\":{\"topicUrl\":\"future\/author\/richard-gray\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"name\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Richard Gray\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"By Richard Gray\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"link\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"urn:bbc:twitter:user:@chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/chalkmark\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"@chalkmark\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"images\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Richard Gray (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Richard Gray (Credit: Javier Hirschfeld)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p07qnzlc.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Javier Hirschfeld\"}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"timestamp\",\"model\":{\"timestamp\":1741274100000}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"A view of the inside of the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris with people seated inside the nave during a mass (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj6m9.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}],\"emphasiseImage\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Performers and visitors to the famous gothic cathedral in the midst of the River Seine may find some subtle differences to the way sound bounces around its walls.\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}],\"bodyIntro\":true}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as coronations, wars and revolutions have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has borne witness to many turning points in history. The building's striking gothic stonework has stood sentry on an island in the midst of the River Seine since the late 12th Century as \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"coronations, wars and revolutions\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-47946675\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"coronations, wars and revolutions\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" have unfolded in its shadow. What you might not realise, however, is that the cathedral has played a key part in shaping the music you hear when you turn on the radio or stream a playlist.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame was, for a brief time, the beating heart of a musical revolution \u2013 one that changed music forever and laid the foundations for many of the songs we listen to today.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. Gregorian chant, or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Up until the middle of the 12th Century in Medieval Europe, it was common to hear the haunting melodic chants of the clergy echoing through churches and cathedrals. \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gregorian chant\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/chapter\/10.1007\/978-1-349-21157-9_4\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gregorian chant\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", or plainsong, was the musical style of the day, where sacred texts were sung either by a single voice or a choir in unison \u2013 something known as monophony.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way sound rattled around inside the building. They introduced multiple lines of melody simultaneously to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or motets \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But faced with the Notre-Dame's soaring nave, ribbed vaults and towering columns, a group of composers began to try something different to take advantage of the way \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sound rattled around inside the building\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/brill.com\/edcollchap\/book\/9783846769133\/BP000019.xml\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sound rattled around inside the building\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". They introduced \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"multiple lines of melody simultaneously\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/abs\/10.1086\/727887\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"multiple lines of melody simultaneously\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" to produce elaborate polyphonic arrangements, or \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"motets\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/journal-of-the-royal-musical-association\/article\/abs\/earliest-motets-music-and-words\/1B6D7E1D45B32A820ED1477E4449D385\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"motets\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" \u2013 the early beginnings of a musical texture that is a common feature in modern music, from jazz to pop and hip-hop.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_1\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that worked with the architecture,\\\" says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to figure out a way to sing in there that \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worked with the architecture\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/10v1x47m\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"worked with the architecture\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\",\\\" says Brian Katz, an expert on acoustics and research director at the Institut D'Alembert at Sorbonne University in France.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz has spent more than a decade studying the acoustics of Notre-Dame, painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to play music, sing and preach inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the devastating fire that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The reconstruction \u2013 which reportedly cost \u20ac700m (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz has spent more than a decade studying the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"acoustics of Notre-Dame\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"acoustics of Notre-Dame\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", painstakingly hanging microphones and taking measurements to reconstruct what it would have sounded like to \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"play music\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S0003682X24006571\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"play music\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sing\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"sing\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" and \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"preach\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2571-9408\/7\/12\/306\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"preach\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" inside the cathedral at different points in its evolution. Now, Katz hopes to return with his microphones and equipment as Notre-Dame enters a new phase. The cathedral recently reopened for the first time after the \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"devastating fire \",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/world-europe-47945465\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"devastating fire \",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"that destroyed the roof, spire and much of the interior of the cathedral in April 2019. The \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"reconstruction\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"reconstruction\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" \u2013 which reportedly cost \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u20ac700m\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/cewxdx7j00ro\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u20ac700m\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" (\u00a3582m, $758) \u2013 saw the building restored stone by stone to how it had been before the blaze.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But Katz believes something may have changed \u2013 the way it sounds.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"video\",\"model\":{\"locator\":\"p076l0vp\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"media\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"blockId\":\"\",\"type\":\"mediaMetadata\",\"model\":{\"id\":\"p076l0vp\",\"subType\":\"clip\",\"format\":\"audio_video\",\"title\":\"The moment Notre-Dame\u2019s spire fell\",\"synopses\":{\"short\":\"Notre-Dame's spire collapses due to fire\",\"long\":\"The spire of Paris's Notre Dame Cathedral has collapsed due to a massive fire.\\n\\nThe cause of the fire is not yet clear, but officials say that it could be linked to renovation work.\",\"medium\":\"The spire of Paris's Notre-Dame Cathedral has collapsed due to fire.\"},\"imageUrl\":\"https:\/\/ichef.bbci.co.uk\/images\/ic\/1920xn\/p0kwj4ty.jpg\",\"embedding\":true,\"advertising\":true,\"versions\":[{\"versionId\":\"p076l23m\",\"duration\":21,\"warnings\":{\"short\":\"\",\"long\":\"\"}}],\"syndication\":{\"destinations\":[]},\"smpKind\":\"programme\"}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The devastating fire in 2019 destroyed the spire and much of the roof of Notre-Dame cathedral (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj4ty.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}}]}}],\"playerPosition\":\"embedded-0\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant,\\\" he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been \\\"incredibly moving\\\", he says.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's hard to tell exactly how it has changed but we expect it to be more reverberant,\\\" he says. Katz has visited Notre-Dame several times to attend masses and performances since it officially reopened on 7 December 2024. The experience has been \\\"incredibly moving\\\", he says.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_2\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But as he sat in different parts of the cathedral, he also couldn't shake the sensation that it sounded different. A new sound system and the extensive \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"cleaning of the organ's 8,000 pipes\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" during the restoration work have certainly contributed to that, but he believes that the way sound interplays with the fabric of the building itself is also subtly different.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ,\\\" he says. \\\"This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The organist has already stated that it will take a bit of time to adapt to the subtle changes in the restored acoustics and organ,\\\" he says. \\\"This is very typical of say a new concert hall, where the resident orchestra \u2013 and audience \u2013 need a few months to adjust to new conditions. The space is like an instrument, and one needs to become familiar with it to get the best out of it.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his research group at Sorbonne University have worked alongside the architects and builders charged with restoring the cathedral since the fire. They were eager not to lose the unique acoustics of Notre-Dame as the physical building was pieced back together.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls,\\\" says Katz. \\\"Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The next day [after the fire], I started getting calls,\\\" says Katz. \\\"Colleagues were saying, 'you have those acoustic measurements at Notre-Dame and nobody else has any'.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic model of the cathedral's interior.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Katz and his colleagues had gathered these during a series of extensive acoustic surveys of the building in 2015, where they hung microphones in 16 different positions at a time and played sounds from an omnidirectional loudspeaker \u2013 a sphere with 12 separate speakers pointing in different directions. They repeated this multiple times in different locations to build up a full acoustic \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"model of the cathedral's interior\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"model of the cathedral's interior\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\".\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_3\"},{\"type\":\"quote\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way \u2013 Henri Chalet\",\"quoteSource\":\"\",\"quoteSourceTitle\":\"\"}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those who perform inside Notre-Dame cathedral, it is an enlivening experience. The complex stonework and vaulted ceilings make it a challenging but interesting place to sing.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music,\\\" says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. \\\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The greatest privilege is to be able to sing in the evening after closing time, to prepare a concert, and to enjoy the empty cathedral and make its stones vibrate with music,\\\" says Henri Chalet, director of the Ma\u00eetrise Notre-Dame de Paris music school, which has had an association with the cathedral since it was founded in the 12th Century. \\\"There is an extra soul in this cathedral, which everyone can define in their own way. It is clearly alive.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gustavo Dundamel, the Venezuelan conductor who led the Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France at the reopening of Notre-Dame on 7 December 2024, and who led performances there before the fire, agrees there is something special about the building.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world,\\\" he says. \\\"Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Notre Dame is one of the most magical performance spaces in the world,\\\" he says. \\\"Of course there are challenges to coordinating any kind of live performance in such a reverberant acoustic, but the sheer transcendental nature of the cathedral turns that work into a gift.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_4\"},{\"type\":\"callout\",\"model\":{\"title\":\"Hear Notre-Dame\u2019s sonic history\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Notre-Dame cathedral's inherent sound has changed greatly over the centuries as it has been extended, renovated and draped in different furnishings.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0a virtual concert and documentary\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Brian Katz and his colleagues have used the data obtained in their research to create\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a virtual concert and documentary\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"a virtual concert and documentary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0that can transport viewers to several points in Notre-Dame's history to hear how it would have sounded inside. They also produced an\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ndwhispers.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"audio-immersive experience charting Notre-Dame's sonic history\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0that visitors to the cathedral can listen to on their smartphones via an app as they stroll around inside.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The\u00a0Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/vaultedharmonies.pasthasears.eu\/\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Vaulted Harmonies immersive documentary\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0premiered in Paris in January 2025 and will be available online this spring.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In the aftermath of the fire in 2019, Katz's team visited the cathedral again, sending their microphones bobbing around debris and scaffolding on a robot normally used to inspect sewer pipes. When they did the measurements, it became apparent just how much of Notre-Dame's special sound had been lost.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof,\\\" recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0dulling effect on the sound. The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It's dark, you can still smell the carbon and smoke and there's basically 3-4 big holes in the roof,\\\" recalls Katz. Those holes combined with the blanket of soot had a\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"dulling effect on the sound\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2624-599X\/2\/4\/44\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"dulling effect on the sound\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\". The reverberation time \u2013 how long it takes for an acoustic signal to decay within a space \u2013 decreased by around 8% compared with before the fire.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they plugged the data into their \\\"digital twin\\\" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"When they plugged the data into their \\\"digital twin\\\" of Notre-Dame, they found the acoustics were similar to another key moment in the Cathedral's past.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame,\\\" says Katz. \\\"If you look at\u00a0Napoleon's coronation\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It corresponds to the most [sound] absorbing condition we have predicted in Notre-Dame,\\\" says Katz. \\\"If you look at\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Napoleon's coronation\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/artsandculture.google.com\/story\/story-of-a-coronation-palace-of-versailles\/NgWhI7emoChPKw?hl=en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Napoleon's coronation\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\u00a0\u2013 the records of that and the paintings of that show every surface is covered in fabric. When we try to replicate that, we end up with something quite similar to the post fire condition.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_5\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"In other-words, the voice of Notre-Dame had been muffled by the blaze.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It took five years and a lot of scaffolding for Notre-Dame Cathedral to be restored to its former glory after the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj6cf.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a glass roof or even a garden on top of the building before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Over the months that followed the fire, there were no shortages of proposals for how the grand cathedral could be reconstructed. Architects suggested radical changes such as a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"glass roof or even a garden on top of the building\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c937r4k5rvno\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"glass roof or even a garden on top of the building\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" before the French President Emmanuel Macron announced the cathedral would be restored to its condition before the fire.\u00a0\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. \\\"One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ,\\\" says Katz. \\\"They were thinking about moving it and making it larger.\\\" One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Even so, Katz and his colleagues were called upon to help with critical decisions that could influence the overall acoustics inside the cathedral. \\\"One of the things that we were tasked with in the reconstruction was to evaluate the proposals for the new choir organ,\\\" says Katz. \\\"They were thinking about moving it and making it larger.\\\" One of the proposals was to put the organ up in the triforium \u2013 the gallery tucked high above the nave, the main open space of the cathedral \u2013 rather than beneath it, where it had been before the fire.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view,\\\" says Katz. \\\"But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Putting it up higher would mean it had a better view,\\\" says Katz. \\\"But the prediction we got from our digital twin was that most of the energy from an organ up there would stay up in the upper space. It would just go from triforium to triforium and didn't really get down to the audience in the way they wanted. So, in the end, they kept it where it was before.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_6\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"It is a clear illustration of just what a complex space Notre-Dame is from an acoustic perspective. The triforium in Notre-Dame runs on either side of the nave, but then stops at the transept.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other,\\\" says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"It creates this barrier between the choir side and the nave side, which affects how sound propagates from one to the other,\\\" says Katz. He experienced this for himself before the fire when he watched a performance of choir soloists.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps,\\\" he says. \\\"When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"During the performance they would move back and forth, taking four or five steps,\\\" he says. \\\"When they came closer to us, all of a sudden we were in a small room with them, and they would take a couple of steps back, and their voices excited the whole space, and they felt much farther away. You really get the feel of that barrier.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris has been an iconic landmark in the French capital since the 12th Century (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1200,\"width\":1200,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj7g1.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"While Notre-Dame was reconstructed to replicate how it had been before the fire, there are a few crucial changes that Katz believes have altered the sound inside the cathedral. Among those is the removal of a long carpet that ran around much of the outer perimeter of the building's interior. It had been installed in the late eighties to absorb footfall noise from tourists on the hard marble floor.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_7\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"More like this:\",\"attributes\":[\"bold\"]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"unorderedList\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/articles\/c0qdj80py3no\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Gargoyles, stained glass and the spire: How Notre-Dame was restored\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Where the sound of nature is too quiet\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20230519-the-sound-recordings-used-to-coax-back-species\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Where the sound of nature is too quiet\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"listItem\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/future\/article\/20241206-how-the-sounds-of-icebergs-reverberate-around-the-world\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Listen to the mournful song of Antarctica's icebergs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"During their research, Katz and his colleagues had discovered recordings from an acoustic survey conducted in 1987 when there were proposals to install a new organ in the cathedral. When they compared the data with the survey Katz had conducted in 2015, it revealed a strange difference.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There was a noticeable shift in the reverberation time, in a way that should be perceptible,\\\" Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"There was a \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"noticeable shift in the reverberation time\",\"locator\":\"http:\/\/ica2016.org.ar\/ica2016proceedings\/ica2016\/ICA2016-0269.pdf\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"noticeable shift in the reverberation time\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\", in a way that should be perceptible,\\\" Katz says. With the carpet now gone and the bare marble floor once more exposed, Katz says it is likely the reverberation will have increased again to how it was nearly half a century ago.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while 1,500 solid wood chairs now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Many of the other soft furnishings such as wall hangings have also gone after being damaged in the fire while \",\"attributes\":[]}},{\"type\":\"urlLink\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1,500 solid wood chairs\",\"locator\":\"https:\/\/www.bosc-leslandes.fr\/notre-dame-de-paris\/?lang=en\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"1,500 solid wood chairs\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}},{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\" now sit where there were once rows of chairs with woven seats.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_8\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Another change that may affect the acoustics lies with the stonework itself. During the reconstruction process the building was given what effectively amounts to a giant facemask.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin,\\\" says Katz. \\\"It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"They had to remove all the lead dust so what they effectively did was spray liquid latex onto the walls and peel it off like a skin,\\\" says Katz. \\\"It gets into all the crevices and pulls out all the dust in there. The paint work and plasterwork is new too. So in that respect we expect it to be much more reverberant than it was before the fire.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The stonework inside the cathedral is noticeably cleaner in 2024 after it was given a latex facemask compared to in 2017 (left) before the fire (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj87m.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"For those performing in the cathedral, it has taken only a little time to get used to singing with the unique acoustics inside Notre-Dame again after a five-year absence.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time,\\\" says Chalet. \\\"Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"The Ma\u00eetrise used to sing there all the time,\\\" says Chalet. \\\"Then for more than five years, we discovered many different places in Paris, in France and even abroad. This allowed us to learn to adapt very quickly to a new acoustic. Now we take advantage of each service and each concert to tame this demanding but benevolent acoustic.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_9\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Both he and Dudamel say they haven't noticed any significant difference in how the space sounds during performances. Dudamel says due to the difference in the set up between the performances he led in the cathedral before and after the fire, it is particularly difficult to compare.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was,\\\" adds Chalet. \\\"It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same.\\\"\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"No doubt acoustic studies will show differences, but honestly, the cathedral is very large and has been rebuilt exactly as it was,\\\" adds Chalet. \\\"It is just that the stone has been cleaned which can make the sound reflect a little differently. But my memories of it before the fire are broadly the same.\\\"\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"image\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"caption\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"altText\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"The organ pipes were thoroughly cleaned during the restoration process, which may contribute to any differences in the way Notre-Dame cathedral now sounds (Credit: Getty Images)\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"rawImage\",\"model\":{\"height\":1080,\"width\":1920,\"locator\":\"\/p0kwj8sg.jpg\",\"originCode\":\"ic\",\"copyrightHolder\":\"Getty Images\"}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"But both men have another theory for why the auditory experience inside the cathedral may feel different to visitors today.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now,\\\" says Dudamel.\",\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"fragment\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"\\\"Due to the lighting \u2013 which is a lot brighter \u2013 and the cleanliness of the windows, which puts a huge amount of added brightness in the space, I think there is a palpable difference in how the musicians and audience feed that information into what they are hearing, perhaps creating the impression that the sound is brighter and clearer now,\\\" says Dudamel.\",\"attributes\":[]}}]}}]}},{\"type\":\"advertisement\",\"model\":{\"adType\":\"horizontal\"},\"incrementedType\":\"mid_10\"},{\"type\":\"text\",\"model\":{\"blocks\":[{\"type\":\"paragraph\",\"model\":{\"text\":\"Chalet agrees. \\\"The sight of a cathedral, the discovery of the restored chapels that you could not see before because they were so dark, gives the impression that the cathedral has become wider. 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